Unit 4 Flashcards by Brittany Gouse

At phase __- of cardiac AP what rushes inwards?

Na current, depolarizing cell

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what happens at Repolarization of Cardiac AP?

Na channels close,

brief activation of Ito -> transient outward current

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what happens at the plateau stage of repolarization in Cardiac AP?

Ca cells rush in, K rush out

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What happens in phase 3 of cardiac AP, the later stage of repolarization?

just K goes out

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With Cardiac AP, what is the rise represented by the blue line?

Calcium influx

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How do you know that the red line is the cardiac curve?

Because the tension is increasing between B and C, where myofilament are overlapped

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What does contractility INC with NE admin?

ne binds to b1 adrenergic receptors -> causing

ne binds to b1 adrenergic receptors -> INC in Ca rlease from SR

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Ne INC AP ___ and ____ before it causes an INC in tension

amplitidue and duration

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In this graph of twith duration, which is control and which is afrer norepi admin?

B is after norepi

ionotropic INC the rise in tension, but shortens the contraction duration

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This line represents an increase in ____ to ____

INC in sensitivtiy to calcium (due to drugs or inc sarcomere length)

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the ____ line is with Norepinephrine admin

top, INC in Ca -> INC in contractility -> INC upwards

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which yellow line is INCREASED compliance in this End diastolic pressure curve?

lower line

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the red line represents a ____ in ionotropy with End Systolic VOLUME relationship

decrease

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what does the shift to the left represent?

hemorrhagic shock

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for venous system, compliance is HIGH when transmural pressure is ___.

low

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which line represents an older person (compliance decreases with age)

right..

slope is 1/compliance

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shift to the right due to ____ attack

Raynaulds

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with fibrosis lung compliance is DECREASED so its curve is ___ than normal

lower

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with emphyesma lung compliance is INCREASE so its curve is ___ than normal

higher

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____ and ____ are both zero at the begninng and end of inspiration

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during ___ all curves have higher PEAKS

vigorous exercise

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During ____, no plateau is reached in the IVPF curves

inspiration

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maximal flow rate increases with ____ lung volumes.

increasing

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resistance INC for the first ___ generations than falls as cross secitonal area increase

three

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Maximal flow is greater at ____ lung volume

greater lung volume

early emphysema the ____ expiratory flow is normal

peak

early emphysema the peak expiratory flow is normal, but at low lung volumes, the elevated compliance results in abnormally low ____ flows

low mid-expiratory flows

there is the increased time for ____ in both emphysema and bronchitis.

expiration

decreased ___ in the MEFV loop from the patient with a restrictive disease such as fibrosis.

vital capacity

emphysema

Pediatric

respiratory muscle disease

when the central venous pressure is 0 mmHg, the peripheral venous pressure is ___ mmHG

if central venous pressure is equal to peripheral venous there is ___ flow

DECREASE in volume will shift the curve

downward

increasing the blood volume will shift the curve

upwards

increasing the blood volume or the _______ will shift the curve aupwards

venous tone

\* mean systemic filing pressure occurs at ____ flow

zero

increasing blood volume ___ means systolic filling pressure

increases

if you vasodilate your cardiac output/venous return \_\_\_\_

increases

heart failure ---\> lower cardiac output ## Footnote to compensate for this the body will retain more fluid --\> shifts venous curve to the \_\_\_\_

right

inspiratroy capacity is equal to ___ and \_\_\_

tidal volume and inspiratory reserve

FRC is equal to ___ and \_\_\_

expiratory reserve volums plus the residual volume,

vital capacity is equal to

expiratory, inspiratory, and tidal volume

if you hyperventilate, you drive the Pa O2 \_\_\_\_

higher (closer to O2 in atm)

if you hyperventilate, you bring Pa Co2 \_\_\_\_

lower

when you give blood transfusion you inc volume and also you raise the ____ which increases \_\_\_

raises the match point which increase VR

\_\_\_ ___ and ___ move the cardiac function graph upwards

hr, sv, inc contractility

Groups down and to the right of normal show progressive reduction of the change in stroke work with\_\_\_\_ LV filling pressure.

increasing

the greater PNE is at the \_\_\_\_

bottom

which line is CHF?

which load is RVH?

middle

Pulmonary vascular resistance is smallest near FRC and increases as transpulmonary pressure\_\_\_

increases or decreases.

If pressure at the top of the lung falls below Palv, the capillaries will collapse and flow \_\_\_\_\_, leading to a region called Zone 1 that is ventilated but not perfused.

stops

what is the shunt equation

Ccapillary - Cartery / Ccapillary - Cvenous

If QS = 0 CaO2 = CcO2

normal condition of no shunt QS/QT = (C

If QS = QT, CaO2 = CVO2

all blood is shunted, no oxygenation by lung

QS = QT/2, CaO2 = (C

50% shunt, arterial oxygen content is average of shunt and functional capillary contents

\_\_\_\_ breathing is characterized by a completely irregular series of inspirations and expirations with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea typically progressing to complete apnea.

ataxic

\_\_\_\_\_ Breathing is characterized by closely grouped series of SHALLOW breaths similar in size separated by intervals of apnea and generally indicative of a poor prognosis.

Cluster

\_\_\_\_ is espiratory centers, chronic heart failure, carbon monoxide poisoning, strokes, brain tumors and in newborns with immature respiratory centers, or in some individuals receiving morphine or in some individuals during sleep at high altitude.

Cheyne-Stokes

if you cut at level II with vagus intact With the vagi intact, breathing is RHYMIC and is characterized by a ___ and \_\_\_

low frequency, high tidal volume

Transection at or below Level IV With the vagi either intact or cut, ____ results.

APNEA

Transection atLEVEL 1 With the vagus intact,

breathing is normal.

Transaction of the top of the medulla the vagi either intact or cut, breathing is RHYMIC but consists of a series of irregularly timed ____ efforts.

gasping

Transaction below the PRG in the pons With the vagi cut, ____ occurs

apneuasis ( abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release.)