PURCOMM Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
can be defined as a process by which information, meanings and feelings
are shared by persons through a common system of verbal and nonverbal symbols, signs or
behavior.
A
Communication
2
Q
– it is constantly changing because it relies on human perception that can change
overtime; therefore, it is irreversible and unrepeatable
A
dynamic
3
Q
it is an ongoing exchange of meaning-sharing behaviors between/among
individuals who operate within a frame of experience; it does not have a beginning, an end, a
fixed sequence of events
A
continuous
4
Q
it adjusts to the changes that occur in its physical and psychological environment;
A
adaptive
5
Q
it involves components that are interrelated and interacting in a cyclic order
A
systemic
6
Q
every communication is a unique combination of people, messages and
events; it consists of unending sharing (transmission and reception) of messages between/ among
Cpeople on some occasion.
A
transactional
7
Q
Forms of Communication
A
- Intrapersonal Communication
- Interpersonal Communication
a. Dyadic Communication
b. Small Group Communication - Public Communication
Speech
b. Mass Communication
Computer-Mediated Communication
* Visual Communication
8
Q
is talking to oneself (self-talk) through internal vocalization
or reflective thinking due to some internal or external stimulus. In other words, this type of
communication takes place within the person.
A
Intrapersonal Communication
9
Q
is a form of communication wherein individuals are engaged
actively in the overt and covert transmission and reception of messages.
A
Interpersonal Communication
10
Q
is a two-person communication such as telephone
conversation, job interview and doctor-patient conversation.
A
Dyadic Communication
11
Q
ideally consists of three to six persons such as
committee meeting, buzz session and brainstorming activity
A
Small Group Communication
12
Q
is conveying information to a large audience.
A
Public Communication
13
Q
Audience Communication is talking to a large number of people who
are gathered
for some occasion.
A
Speech
14
Q
is the “process whereby media organizations produce and
transmit messages to large publics and the process by which those messages are sought,
used, understood, and influenced by audience”
A
Mass Communication
15
Q
. The use of an application computer to control
multimedia interactive and message-based communication.
A
Computer-Mediated Communication
16
Q
is the use of visual elements to convey ideas and information which
include but are not limited to, signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, industrial
design, advertising, animation, and electronic resources.
A
Visual Communication
17
Q
Drawings or designs on the ground produced by arranging gravel, stones or soils.
Believed to be built for religious purposes.
A
- GEOGLYPHS
18
Q
are images that represent physical objects
A
Pictograms
19
Q
are graphic symbols that represent an idea or concept regardless of a specific
language.
A
Ideograms
20
Q
are characters that represent a word or a morpheme. It is a written or
pictorial symbol intended to represent a whole word.
A
Logograms
21
Q
Forms of visual communication
A
Geoglyphs
Pictogram
Ideogram
Logogram
22
Q
Examples of Logogram
A
Cuneiforms
Hieroglyphics
23
Q
Major Perspective in Analyzing Visual Images
A
Personal
Historical
Cultural
Technical
Critical
Ethical
24
Q
o This view posits that the analysis of an image depends on the individual’s thoughts
and values.
A
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE.
25
o This perspective refers to the determination of the importance of the work based on
the medium’s timeline
* HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
26
o The analysis of the image takes into consideration its different technical aspects like
lighting, focus, tone position, and presentation
* TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE.
27
This perspective considers the moral and ethical responsibilities shared by the artist
or the producer of the image, the subject, and the viewer
* ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE.
28
The perspective brings to the fore the idea that all cultures use symbols to
communicate meanings within groups. It involves the analysis of metaphors and
symbols used in the work.
* CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE.
29
o Allows the audience to look at the larger issues associated with the image and the
meaning
* CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE.
30
Types of Non-Verbal Languages
Paralanguage (Vocalics)
Action Language (Kinesics)
Sign Language
Object Language (Objectics)
Tactile Language (Haptics)
Space/Distance (Proxemics)
Time (Chronemics)
Silence
31
refers to vocal qualities that go along with verbal message, such
as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers
Paralanguage (Vocalics)
32
refers to gross bodily movements such as walking and eating.
It consists of (a) gesture, (b) facial expression, (c) eye contact and (d) posture
Action Language (Kinesics)
33
consists of body movements that are used as substitute for letters, words,
numbers, phrases and even sentences.
Sign Language
34
refers to the intentional or unintentional display of material
things such as the clothes you wear, hair style, the decoration of a room, jewelry,
implements, machines, the human body, etc.
Object Language (Objectics)
35
is communication by touch such as a kiss or a tap on the back.
It is the most elementary mode of communication and the first an infant experiences.
Tactile Language (Haptics)
36
expresses certain types of messages. In America, there are
four primary distance zones: (a) intimate, (b) personal, (c) social and (d) public distance.
Space/Distance (Proxemics)
37
refers to man’s use of time in sending certain types of messages. Time
as a form of nonverbal communication can be best explained by the concept of punctuality,
willingness to wait and interactions.
Time (Chronemics)
38
is the lack of audible sound, or the presence of sounds of very low intensity
Silence
39
Causes of Misunderstandings in Communication
1. Major barriers to effective communication
a. Indecision about the message content.
b. Lack of familiarity
c. Emotional conflicts.
d. Difficulty in expressing ideas.
2. Problems in transmitting the message
3. Problems in receiving the message
a) Physical distraction:
b) Lack of concentration:
4. Problems in understanding the message
a.) Different cultural background
b) Different interpretation of words:
c) Different emotional reaction
40
FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION PROCESS:
a) Psychological Factor. .
b) Cultural Factor.
c) Physical Factor.
d) Social Factor.
e) Historical Factor.
41
Communicator’s mood or feeling-- emotions.
Psychological Factor
42
Communicator’s values, beliefs and norms.
Cultural Factor
43
Place, time and environmental conditions that make up the
communication process.
Physical Factor
44
Relationship between the communicators
Social Factor
45
Previous communication incidents between communicators.
Historical Factor
46
Principles of Effective Communication
1. Clarity
2. Conciseness
3. Completeness.
4. Organization.
5. Empathy
6. Flexibility
47
This pertains to both the message and the purpose why the message has to be sent.
The message should be clear by using appropriate language and communication channels, but
equally important is that the reason for sending and receiving the message must be understood by
both sender and receiver
Clarity
48
The message should be as brief as may be required depending on one’s purpose,
especially in most modern contexts in the business and academic fields where time is of the essence. It should be devoid of trivial details that would hinder
communication.
Conciseness
49
Despite its conciseness, the message should still be complete and
accurate. Whenever necessary, background information should be given to provide better
context; facts and observations may also be helpful.
Completeness
50
Effective communication is usually planned in order to ensure the
systematic flow of ideas and transition from one point to another
Organization
51
The sender of the message should be sensitive to the needs and interests of the
receiver.
Empathy
52
Different people have different communication styles, and consequently, different
expectations. Effective communicators know how to adapt to the varying needs and expectations
of their audience, and modify the message or the way the message is sent to avoid
misunderstanding or misinterpretation
Flexibility
53
an act of transmission and
reception of information
Communication
54
1. Forming a way of thinking about
something to say
× 2. Deciding to communicate × 3. Turn thinking into decodable message × 4. Verbalization of the message × 5. Sending a message to a target grou
Acts of
Communication
55
Communication is
both Verbal and
Non-verbal
True or False
TRue
56
act of stating the
response
Verbal
57
incorporates
facial expressions, hand
gestures, body motions
NON-VERBAL
58
Elements of
Communications
as a Process
Sender
Message
Channel
Receiver
Feedback
59
the person who sends the message
Sender:
60
Information relayed by the sender to the receiver
Message
61
Types of Message
Intended
Unintended
62
consists of
contents that are specific and clear
Intended
63
include signs
and gestures
Unintended
64
is using precise words and
explicit methods to make
smooth delivery of the messages.
Encoding
65
Also referred to as the medium.
* It is the tool used to transmit a
message.
Channel
66
Perceives and understands the message
through the decoding process.
* He/she must give feedback.
Receiver
67
The receptor’s discernable reaction to
the sender’s message.
Feedback
68
factors that interfere with
the exchange of messages
Noise
69
Form of Noise
External, Physiological, Psychological
70
noises that distracts
communicators
External
71
hearing conditions,
diseases, disabilities, and other factors
that make it impossible to send or receive
a message
Physiological
72
forces inside the
receiver that interfere
with comprehension
Psychological
73
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
Fibonacci Sequence
74
envisages
a one-way process in which one party is
the sender, encoding and transmitting
the message, and another party is the
recipient, receiving and decoding the
information
Linear Model
75
It describes communication as
a
process in which participants
alternate positions as sender and
receiver and generate meaning by
sending messages and receiving
feedback within physical and
psychological contexts
Interactive/ Interactional
Model
76
refers to the
continuous exchange of
information where both the
sender and receiver are involved
in the process and take turns to
communicate messages.
Transactional MOdel
76
is also
now considered as interactive
communication as the model is
circular where the senders
interchange every time
. Social
media, interactive marketing and
user generated contents, ATM
machines, online shopping, chat
rooms, etc are other examples of
interactive communication model
Human Computer Interaction
77
A presidential speech is an example of
Linear Model
78
True or False:
Is browsing through the internet a form of communication? Why?
Yes. It is an example of human computer interaction
79
If the universe is ever expanding, and the mere scale gap of our existence is vastly incomprehensible, give one example of Noise.
External, Physiological, Psychological
80
* means that the components function harmoniously to
understand the actual conversation.
* The sender uses his field of experience to encrypt a message,
use a channel, and transmit a message to the recipient, which
in effect uses his field of experiences to decode a message.
* Takes place for educational purposes
* Requires certain degree of formality
Academic Communication
81
Involves the actual business of purchasing and selling.
* Involves dialogs and correspondence between customers
and service providers, staff to the supervisor, and
professional interactions between colleagues.
Business Communication
82
is going to help you do the ethical act
Conscience
83
is going to drive you to the opposite side
Guilt
84
is concerned with presenting the message in an appropriate manner
Communication Ethics
85
Conveying the message without offending the audience
Maintaining a relationship with the audience
Avoiding the act of withholding crucial information
Giving accurate information
Ethical Correspondence
86
All relevant information
Truthfulness
Accuracy and Sincerity
Fair Presentation of Ideas
Characteristics of Ethical Communication
87
Factors that affect Ethical Communication
Ethical Aspect
Ethical Context
Culture
88
Concerns about what is to be revealed and not revealed
Ethical Aspect
89
Ethical background remains essential in all modes of communication
Ethical Context
90
refers to the complex set of knowledge, traditions, language, laws, practices, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that connect and give a common identity to a particular group of people at a specific time.
Culture
91
Ethical Dilemmas in Communication
Plagiarism
Selective Misquoting
Misrepresenting Numbers
Distorting Visuals
92
Presenting someone else's ideas without their consent or by incorporating it into your work without acknowledging them
Plagiarism
93
Deliberately misrepresenting and altering the meaning of someone's work by taking it out of context.
Selective Misquoting
94
Communicating honestly reported data in a deceptive manner.
Misrepresenting Numbers
95
overvaluing or undervaluing a product and lying about how a product looks
Distorting Visuals
96
can be defined just as any communication can: a
message is sent from one person or group to another anywhere in the world,
Global Communication
97
the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures
is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural
backgrounds
refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. (Chen &
Starosta, 1998)
is the exchange of information between individuals who are “unalike culturally.” (Rogers
& Steinfatt, 1999)
is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which people from
different cultures create shared meanings. (Lustig & Koester, 2007)
is identified as both a concept and a competence. Intercultural competence is the active
possession by individuals of qualities which contribute to effective intercultural
communication and can be defined in terms of three primary attributes: knowledge, skills
and attitudes. (LANQUA, n.d.)
is called in various ways: multicultural communication, cross-cultural communication,
interracial communication, interethnic communication, and international communication.
Intercultural Communication
98
FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Interracial Communication
Interethnic Communication
International Communication
Intracultural Communication
99
Interpreting and sharing of meanings with individuals from different races
Interracial Communication
100
Interactions with individuals of different ethnic origins.
Interethnic Communication
100
Communication between persons representing different nations
International Communication
101
Interaction with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture as yours
Intracultural Communication
102
Manifestations of Culture
Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values
103
are the most evident – words, gestures, pictures, clothes, acts or objects that
carry a particular meaning – which are recognized only by members of the same culture.
It can easily develop and disappear
Symbols
104
are past or present, real or fictitious personas who are respected and admired in
a culture. They possess qualities that are highly valued by members of a culture.
Heroes
105
are a collection of activities such as ways of greetings, paying respect to
others, religious and social ceremonies. They hold social significance although often
times they are acted out for their own sake.
Rituals
106
are the core of a culture. They consists of a culture’s predilection between right
and wrong, good and bad, likes and dislikes, and natural or unnatural. They are
interconnected with what is moral or ethical standards of a culture.
Values
107
Language varieties
Pidgin
Creole
Dialect
Register
108
created so that two people, who do not have a
common tongue, can communicate with each
other to serve a purpose
are made for trade purposes.
a short-living language
Pidgin
109
A pidgin that has become a first language of a person
Creole
110
a particular form of a language which is
peculiar to a specific region or social group
Dialect
111
is otherwise called the
dominant language. It is the dialect of a
language that is spoken by the majority of its
speakers.
Regional Dialect
112
is another type of dialect that
is spoken by a small community, mostly ethnic
groups. It is not widely spoken; thus, it acts as
an identity marker for the community that
uses it.
Minority Dialect
113
the level of formality of a language
Register
114
Types of Register
Frozen Register
Formal Register
Consultative Register
Casual Register
Intimate Register
Formal Language Register
Informal Language Register
Neutral Language Register
115
type of register that does not change; it is
static
Frozen Register
116
used for an audience and context that
demands a level of formality
used for formal occasions, involves a large
vocabulary of “educated” words
Language is standard - avoids slang and may
use technical or academic vocabulary.
Formal Register
117
The normal style for speaking to strangers or
persons who are neither acquaintances nor
friends or relatives
The speaker supplies background information – he does not
assume that he will be understood without it; and
+ The listener participates continuously.
This register is formal and acceptable speech
often used in professional settings.
Conversational in tone. Interruptions can occur
during the communication.
Speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say like in an
advice.
Sentences tend to be shorter and
spontaneous
Consultative Register
118
used to an audience where you share a
relationship with, like a friend, classmate, etc.
There is no restriction in terms of formality.
Casual Register
119
This register is reserved for close family
members such as parents and children and
siblings.
Intimate Register
120
This is the most difficult type of writing. It is
impersonal, not written for a specific person
and is written without emotion.
Formal Language Register
121
This register is used in informal writing when we
are writing to someone we know very well.
Informal Language Register
122
This language register is used with nonemotional topics and information. This is not
necessarily formal or informal. It is not usually
positive or negative. It is used to deliver facts.
Neutral Language Register
123
Example of Frozen Register
Anthems, pledges
124
refers to the process by which individuals may take
on values and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere, while
maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere.
* Accommodation
125
“a process through which a person or group from
one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining
their own distinct culture”
* Acculturation
126
Considered as the most extreme form of acculturation, the concept refers
to “the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage adopt the cultural
norms of a dominant or host culture, over their original culture”
Assimilation
127
This process occurs “when individuals are able to adopt the cultural norms of
the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin. It is often synonymous with biculturalism”.
Integration
128
This strategy occurs “when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in
favor of preserving their culture of origin.
Separation
129
occurs “when individuals reject both their culture of origin
and the dominant host culture where cultural exclusion is promoted”.
Marginalization
130
Strategies in Interacting with a Culture
Accommodation
Acculturation
Assimilation
Integration
Separation
Marginalization
131
__ stresses individual goals and the rights of the individual person while
__focuses on group goals, what is best for the collective group, and personal
relationships
Individualism VS. Collectivism
132
_____ is a tradition-bound communication system which depends on indirectness
while _____ communication is a system that encourages directness in
communication.
High-context vs. low-context
133
______ cultures have higher
levels of inequality and are more willing to accept that without question. _______ cultures have lower levels of inequality and are less willing to accept unequal
power distribution.
High power distance vs. Low power
distance
134
_________ values aggressiveness, strength, and
material symbols of success.
___________ values tenderness and relationships.
Masculine culture vs. Feminine culture
135
is the tendency of a group of people to consider their culture as superior to
all other cultures.
Ethnocentrism
136
is the acceptance that all cultures are equal in value with one another
despite their differences.
Cultural relativism
137
pertains to the idea that different cultures will blend together and
create one ultimate culture.
Melting pot philosophy
138
refers to the acknowledgement of cultural relativism and promotion of respect for
uniqueness and forbearance of diversity of cultures. Instead of creating a new hybrid of
culture like in the melting pot theory, all cultures are allowed to co-exist with one another.
Pluralism
