Pure definitions Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
Levator ani
A
Muscle medial to cygeus muscle, broad and thin
Origin: medial edge of body of ilium and dorsal surface of pubis
Termination: anal area
Action: moves the tail
2
Q
Coccygeus
A
Lateral to levator ani, short and thick
Origin: ischiatic spine
Termination: transverse processes of caudal vertebrae
Action: Support contractions during defecation
3
Q
Pelvic plexus
A
Lies slightly caudal in pelvis, dorsal to prostate, closely applied to surface of rectum and vaginal/prostatic artery
Hypogastric nerve runs to it
Contains sympathetic fibers from the hypogastric nerve and parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve
4
Q
Pelvic nerve
A
Formed by parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons that leave ventral branches of three sacral spinal nerves
Supplies branches to urogenital organs, rectum, and descending colon
5
Q
Pararectal fossa
A
Extension of the peritoneal cavity dorsal to rectum, continuous ventrally with the space between rectum and uterus/prostate (rectogenital pouch)
6
Q
Rectogenital pouch
A
Space ventral to rectum and continuous with pararectal fossa on dorsal side, between rectum and uterus/prostate
7
Q
Vesicogenital pouch
A
Space between the uterus and bladder, does not exist in males, communicates dorsally with rectogenital pouch on both sides of uterus
8
Q
Pubovesical pouch
A
Pouch between bladder and ventral body wall, divided by the median ligament of the bladder ventrally, communicates directly with vesicogenital pouch in females and the rectogenital pouch in males
9
Q
Iliac arteries
A
Paired, supply pelvis and pelvic limb, internals terminate the aorta (most caudal), externals become femoral artery
10
Q
Vascular lacuna
A
Spot where external iliac leaves abdomen and becomes femoral artery
11
Q
Umbilical artery
A
In fetus: large, paired, carries blood from aorta to placenta through umbilicus
In adult: round ligament of the bladder
12
Q
Round ligament of the bladder
A
Remnant of umbilical artery, arises near origin of internal iliac artery and courses to the apex of the bladder
13
Q
Internal pudendal artery
A
Branches from internal iliac, smaller more ventral branch, gives rise to vaginal/prostatic artery
14
Q
Vaginal or prostatic artery
A
Forms an angle of 45 degrees with internal pudendal, passes ventrally in an arch and terminates in cranial and caudal branches, supplies bladder and/or uterus and rectum
15
Q
Artery of the penis
A
Caudoventral continuation of the internal pudendal artery, terminates at the level of the ischial arch and turns into three branches
16
Q
Artery of the bulb of the penis
A
Branches from artery of penis, supplies corpus spongiosum penis and penile urethra
17
Q
Deep artery of the penis
A
Branch from artery of penis just distal to artery of the bulb, enters corpus cavernosum penis at the crus
18
Q
Dorsal artery of the penis
A
Continuation of the artery of the penis, runs on the dorsal penis surface to bulbus glandis where it branches to supply prepuce and pars longa glandis
19
Q
Median ligament of the bladder
A
Leaves ventral surface of bladder and attaches to ventral body wall as far cranially as umbilicus
20
Q
Lateral ligament of the bladder
A
One on each side, attaches to dorsal/lateral surface of bladder and pelvic wall
21
Q
Urethral muscle
A
Confined to the pelvis, wraps around pelvic urethra to serve as a voluntary sphincter to retain urine
22
Q
Rugae
A
Folds that can form within the mucosa of the bladder as a result of inelasticity
23
Q
Trigone of the bladder
A
Area inside where the ureters and deferent ducts come in (line from bladder neck to prostate)
24
Q
Rectum
A
Continuation of the descending colon through the pelvis, begins at the pelvic inlet
25
Anal canal
Continuation of the rectum to the anus
26
Paranal sinus
Anal sacs, ventrolateral openings on each side within the cutaneous zone of anal canal
27
External sphincter muscle
Striated muscle surrounding the anal canal
28
Anus
External opening of anal canal
29
Internal sphincter muscle
Enlargement of smooth circular muscle coat of anal canal
30
Rectococcygeus muscle
Muscle from the dorsal rectum to the ventral tail
Origin: dorsal surface of rectum
Termination: caudal vertebrae
31
Prostate gland
Completely surrounds the neck of the bladder and beginning of urethra, flattened dorsally, rounded ventrally and laterally
32
Genital fold
Membrane between the two deferent ducts on the dorsal surface of the bladder
33
Prepuce
Tubular sheath over the glans penis ("fur coat")
34
Corpus cavernosum penis
In the root of the penis, fleshy internal parts seen upon cross section, vascular
35
Tunica albuginea
Thick fibrous tunic that surrounds the corpus cavernosum in the root of the penis (white part surround penis cross section)
36
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Origin: ischiatic tuberosity
Termination: distal crus of the penis
This muscle extends from below the pelvis to attach to the penis from its beginning near where it starts to extend down below the rectum
37
Retractor penis muscle
Elongated slip of mixed smooth and striated muscle that runs along the ventral surface of the entire penis
Origin: ventral surface of sacrum/first two caudal vertebrae (blends with external anal sphincter)
Termination: glans of the penis
38
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Bulges of muscle on either side of the retractor penis muscle, fibers run transversely where they cover the bulb of the penis and longitudinally where they extend onto the body
39
Corpus spongiosum penis
Surrounds the urethra
40
Bulb of the penis
Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle, bilobed dorsal expansion of corpus spongiosum located at the ischial arch, in the root
41
Body
Part of the penis between the root and the glans, covers the very caudal portion of the os penis
42
Glans
Lower part of the penis
Bulbus glandis: proximal part, surrounds proximal part of os penis, dorsal extension of corpus spongiosum, expansile vascular structure responsible for keeping penis in the vagina ("knot")
Pars longa glandis: cavernous tissue structure that overlaps distal part of bulbus glandis and continues to end of penis, encapsulates os penis and urethra
43
Os penis
Bone that lies in glans penis, grooved ventrally for urethra
44
Urethral groove
Ventral groove in os penis for the urethra and corpus spongiosum
45
Vestibule
Area of the female repro tract between the vagina and the vulva, vagina and urethra open into this space
46
Urethral tubercle
Projects from the cranial floor of vestibule at the level of the ischial arch, separation between the opening of the vagina (dorsal) and the urethra (ventral)
47
Vulva
External opening of the vagina, two labia and urogenital orifice (rima pudendi)
48
Caudal gluteal artery
Larger of the two terminal branches of the internal iliac artery, arises opposite the sacroiliac joint and passes caudally, passes caudally parallel and dorsal to internal pudendal artery
49
Vascular lacuna
Opening through which the external iliac artery leaves through the abdominal wall
50
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Also leaves through vascular lacuna, passes caudally between quadriceps and pectineus and terminates in adductor
51
Deep branch of the medial circumflex femoral artery
Descends distally between adductor and vastus medialis, supplies adductor, vastus medialis, obturator muscles, and the hip joint capsule
52
Transverse branch of the medial circumflex femoral artery
Passes caudally through the adductor muscle, supplies adductor and semimembranosus
53
Femoral artery
Continuation of the external iliac artery through the vascular lacuna
54
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
Branches from the lateral side of the femoral artery near/with the lateral circumflex femoral artery, courses cranially, supplies both parts of sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, and rectus femoris
Becomes more superficial at the cranial ventral iliac spine of tuber coxae
55
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Large branch from proximal femoral artery that passes between rectus femoris and the vastus medialis, supplies quadriceps, tensor fasciae latae, superficial and middle gluteals, and the hip joint capsule
56
Proximal caudal femoral artery
Branches from femoral caudally roughly half way between the hip and the stifle, supplies pectineus, adductor, and gracilis
57
Saphenous artery
Branches from the caudal side of the femoral distal to the proximal caudal femoral artery, but proximal to the stifle
Supplies skin on the medial side of the stifle and terminates in cranial and caudal branches
58
Cranial branch of the saphenous artery
Branches cranially from main saphenous at the level of the stifle, courses across medial surface of tibia and passes distally on cranial tibial muscle, terminates at proximal metatarsus as dorsal common digital arteries
59
Caudal branch of the saphenous artery
Branches caudally from main saphenous at the level of the stifle, lies between medial head of gastrocnemius and the tibia, supplies branches to tarsus and deep structures of proximal metatarsus (plantar common digital arteries)
60
Medial saphenous vein
Originates in the paw, terminates in the femoral artery near where the saphenous artery originates
61
Lateral saphenous vein
Does NOT have a specific paired artery, formed by cranial and caudal branches in the leg, arises from veins in the paw and terminates in the distal caudal femoral vein
62
Descending genicular artery
Branches cranially from the femoral very near but just distal to saphenous artery, supplies medial surface of the stifle
63
Middle caudal femoral artery
Branches slightly caudally off femoral distal to descending genicular, but proximal to stifle
Dives in to semimembranosus muscle where it supplies that and the adductor
64
Distal caudal femoral artery
Large and final caudally reaching branch of the femoral, continues branching around the back of the stifle
65
Popliteal artery
Continuation of the femoral artery, passes between the two heads of the gastroctnemius and courses through the popliteal notch of the tibia, perforates the lateral digital flexor to reach interosseus space
Supplies stifle, gastroctnemius, and popliteus
66
Cranial tibial artery
Continuation of the popliteal artery, passes between tibia and fibula
Supplies fibularis longus, long digital extensor, and cranial tibial muscles
67
Lumbosacral plexus
Consists of the ventral branches of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
68
Obturator nerve
Arises from 4th-6th lumbar spinal nerves, formed within caudomedial portion of iliopsoas muscle and runs caudoventrally along the body of the ilium, perforates medial side of levator ani muscle, and leaves pelvis by passing through obturator foramen
Supplies adductor muscles of the limb (external obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor)
69
Femoral nerve
Arises from 4th, 5th, and sometimes 6th lumbar spinal nerves, emerges from iliopsoas muscle, branches into saphenous nerve
Supplies iliopsoas and all four heads of the quadriceps
70
Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
United with pudendal nerve for most of its course in the pelvis, follows caudal gluteal artery to the level of the ischiatic tuberosity where it becomes superficial, terminates in the skin on the proximal caudal half of the thigh
71
Caudal gluteal nerve
Passes over ischiatic notch medial to middle gluteal and enters medial surface of superficial gluteal
72
Cranial gluteal nerve
Passes over greater ischiatic notch and crosses lateral surface of ilium at the origin of the deep gluteal
Innervates middle and deep gluteal and the tensor fasciae latae
73
Sciatic nerve
Arises from last two lumbar and first two sacral spinal nerves, passes caudally over the hip medial to greater trochanter, and courses distally towards the stifle on the lateral side of the limb
Very large nerve with branches that innervate internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the skin on the lateral and caudal surfaces of the crus
74
Common fibular nerve
Branch of the distal sciatic that arises mainly from L6 and L7, crosses lateral head of gastrocnemius, extends a bit more distally, and enters muscles on the cranial side of the crus
Innervates flexor muscles of the tarsus and extensor muscles of the digits (cranial tibial, fibularis longus, and long digital extensor)
75
Dorsal pedal artery
Continuation of the cranial tibial artery after the talocrural joint, supplies tarsus
76
Tibial nerve
Arises from L7 and S1, caudal portion of the sciatic nerve (common fibular nerve would be the cranial portion), passes between the heads of the gastrocnemius, supplies muscles caudal to tibia and fibula (extensors of tarsus, flexors of digits), both heads of gastroctnemius, superficial digital flexor, popliteus, and both deep digital flexors
77
Vaginal tunic (male)/ vaginal process (female)
Blind extension of peritoneum through the inguinal canal to a subQ position outside the body wall
78
Spermatic fascia
Continuation of abdominal fascia that surrounds all the structures emerging from the superficial inguinal ring
79
Mesorchium
Connecting mesentery within the vaginal tunic that contains the vessels and nerves of the testis
80
Mesoductus deferens
Connecting mesentery within the vaginal tunic that contains the ductus deferens and the vessels and nerves specifically associated with the ductus deferens
81
Spermatic cord
Composed of the ductus deferens and the testicular artery and vein, carried through the inguinal canal by the descent of the testes
82
Ductus deferens
Carries spermatozoa from epididymis to the urethra, arises from tail of epididymis at the caudal end of the testis
83
Pampiniform plexus
Venous plexus wrapping around the testicular artery
84
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
Connective tissue that connects the epididymis to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia at the caudal extremity of the spermatic fascia (also where visceral peritoneum becomes parietal peritoneum)
85
Epididymis
Lies on the lateral side of the testis, consists of a head, body, and tail (tail is continuous with ductus deferens), stores and transports maturing spermatozoa
86
Proper ligament of the testes
Attaches the tail of the epididymis to the testes
87
Philtrum
Median groove that separates the right and left parts of the nose and superior lips
88
Platysma
Cutaneous muscle that passes from the dorsal median raphe of the neck to the angle of the mouth, covers the ventrolateral surface of the face
89
Tunica dartos
Muscle between the scrotum and the testicle that scrunches the scrotum around the testicle when it gets cold
90
Urethral crest
Protrusion into the lumen on the dorsal wall of the urethra as it passes through the prostate gland, covered in small openings that allow prostate secretions to exit
91
Colliculus seminalis
Area at the tip of the urethral crest where the ductus deferens connects to be able to deposit sperm into the urethra
92
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory nerve, responsible for olfaction, enters through the cribriform foramina, special visceral afferent fiber
93
Cranial nerve II
Optic nerve, responsible for vision, enters through the optic canal, special somatic afferent fiber
94
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor nerve, exits through orbital fissure, sends general somatic efferent motor fibers to the ventral oblique, levator palpebrae superioris, and dorsal, ventral, and medial rectus of eye, sends general visceral efferent parasympathetic fibers to the sphincter muscle of iris and ciliary muscle
95
Cranial nerve IV
Trochlear nerve, exits through orbital fissure, innervates the dorsal oblique muscle of the eye, general somatic efferent fibers
96
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal nerve with an ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branch
Ophthalmic branch: general somatic afferent fibers, picks up sensory information from the eye and surrounding areas, enters through the orbital fissure
Maxillary branch: general somatic afferent fibers, picks up sensory information from the superior arcade and lip, enters through the round foramen/rostral alar foramen
Mandibular branch: general somatic afferent fibers that pick up sensory information from the inferior arcade, lip, and tongue, special visceral efferent fibers to innervate chewing muscles, enters/exits through oval foramen
97
Cranial nerve VI
Abducens nerve, general somatic efferent fibers to innervate lateral rectus muscle and and retractor bulbi muscle of eye, exits through orbital fissure
98
Cranial nerve VII
Facial nerve
Special visceral efferent fibers to innervate most muscles of facial expression and caudal half of digastricus muscle
Special visceral afferent fibers to bring in information on taste from rostral 2/3 of tongue
General visceral efferent fibers (parasympathetic) to lacrimal, nasal, palatine, mandibular, and sublingual glands
General visceral afferent fibers to pick up information from soft palate and nasopharynx
All exit/enter through stylomastoid foramen
99
Cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve, special somatic afferent fibers to pick up information on balance and hearing, does not leave the skull
100
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Special visceral afferent fibers to pick up taste from caudal third of tongue
General visceral efferent fibers (parasympathetic) to innervate parotid and zygomatic salivary glands
General visceral afferent fibers to pick up information from pharynx and carotid sinus
Special visceral efferent fibers to innervate pharyngeal muscle
All enter/exit through tympano-occipital fissure
101
Cranial nerve X
Vagus nerve
General visceral efferent fibers to innervate smooth muscle and glands of heart, digestive system, and respiratory system
General visceral afferent fibers to pick up information from respiratory and digestive systems
Special visceral efferent fibers to innervate pharynx and larynx
Special visceral afferent fibers for some taste from pharynx
General somatic afferent fibers for information from external auditory canal
All enter/exit through tympano-occipital fissure
102
Cranial nerve XI
Accessory nerve, special visceral efferent fibers to innervate trapezius, sternocephalicus, brachiocephalicus, and omotransversarius, exits through tympano-occipital fissure
103
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal nerve, general somatic efferent fibers to innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue, exits through hypoglossal canal
104
Parietal bone
Caudal part of top of skull
105
Frontal bone
Rostral part of top of skull over frontal sinuses
106
Sagittal crest
Crest on top of caudal skull
107
Nuchal crest
Crest as it becomes the very back (no longer top) of the skull and extends laterally
108
Temporal fossa
Flat parts on either side of the crest on top of skull, includes most of the parietal bone and some of the frontal bone
109
Temporal bone
Caudal part of zygomatic arch that extends to the lateral sides of the skull
110
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Part of temporal bone that touches zygomatic arch
111
Nasal bone
Runs right along the top of the snout
112
Maxilla
Sides of the top jaw
113
Incisive bone
Bone at tip of snout where incisors attach
114
Nasal aperture
Curved area where the nose would sit
115
Orbit
Separates eye from cranial cavity
116
Orbital margin
Formed by frontal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones
117
Orbital ligament
Forms the lateral border of the orbit, extends from frontal process of zygomatic bone to zygomatic process of frontal bone
118
Zygomatic arch
Arches between eyes and cheeks
119
Optic canal
Most rostral of the three openings within the orbit
120
Orbital fissure
Middle of the three openings in the orbit
121
Rostral alar foramen
Most caudal of the three openings within the orbit
122
Maxillary foramen
Caudal opening of the infraorbital canal where infraorbital artery dives into
123
Infraorbital foramen
Dorsal to third pre-molar on maxillary bone, rostral opening of infraorbital canal
124
Alveolar juga
Lateral projections/bumps created by the roots of the cheek teeth
125
Occipital condyle
Little "hooks"/protrusions at the back of the skull on wither side of where the spine comes out
126
Paracondylar process
Bony protrusions lateral to occipital condyle that mark the lateral most edges of the occipital bone
127
Tympanic bullae
Bulges on the bottom of the skull that enclose middle ear cavity
128
External acoustic meatus
Opening on lateral side of tympanic bullae, usually covered by the tympanic membrane
129
Alar canal
Contains the round foramen
130
Caudal alar foramen
Caudal opening to the short alar canal
131
Oval foramen
Opening just caudolateral to caudal alar foramen, direct opening into the cranial cavity
132
Tympano-occipital fissure
Oblong opening in the caudal part of the tympanic bullae right before the occipital bone starts
133
Hypoglossal canal
Lies caudomedial to tympano-occipital fissure, passage for the hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)
134
Mandibular canal
Canal that runs from the medial side of the ramus of the mandible (caudal wing) down through the body of it, and out on the rostral/lateral aspect of the mandible, transmits inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve
135
Stylomastoid foramen
Opening between the tympanic bullae and mastoid process of temporal bone, opening of facial canal for facial nerve
136
Hard palate
Bony ridges, more rostral
137
Choanae
Openings of the right and left nasal cavities into the nasopharynx located at the caudal end of the hard palate where the vomer bone communicates with the palatine bones
138
Foramen magnum
Where spinal cord comes out
139
Coronoid process
Dorsal part of ramus of mandible, upper most wing
140
Mandibular foramen
Opening on medial side of mandible, caudal opening of mandibular canal
141
Mental foramina
Rostral opening of the mandibular canal, lateral side of rostral mandible
142
Condylar process
Process on back of mandible that helps form temporo-mandibular joint
143
Temporomandibular joint
Joint between mandible and skull
144
Hyoid apparatus
Composed of hyoid bones behind mandible, suspends tongue and larynx from skull, extends from mastoid process of skull to thyroid cartilage of larynx
145
Incisor teeth
Dogs have 3 on each side (top and bottom), each has one root, front teeth
146
Canine teeth
One on each side top and bottom, each has one large root, pointy teeth
147
Cheek teeth
Pre-molars, molars
148
Pre-molars
Dogs have 4 on each side top and bottom, 1 (top and bottom) has one root, 2 and 3 (top and bottom) have 2 roots, 4 on the top has three roots, and 4 on the bottom has two roots
149
Molars
Dogs have 2 on top, 3 on bottom, top two have 3 roots, first two on bottom have two roots, last one on bottom has one root
150
Crown
Top of tooth
151
Root
Concealed part of tooth
152
Vestibular surface
Lateral sides of teeth that touch cheeks
153
Neck
Narrowing of tooth between crown and root
154
Lingual surface
Medial side of teeth that touches tongue
155
Contact surface
Parts of teeth that touch the teeth next to it
156
Occlusal surface
Parts of teeth where top and bottom teeth touch each other
157
Cribiform plate
Contains many cribiform foramina at the very back of the nasal cavity right behind ethmoid bone, forms the rostral border of the cranial cavity
158
Nasal aperture
Where the bony part of the nasal cavity begins
159
Conchae
Bony scrolls within the nasal cavity
160
Dorsal nasal concha
Most dorsal protrusion within nasal cavity
161
Ventral nasal concha
Most ventral maze of protrusions in nasal cavity
162
Nasal septum
Cartilage and bone that separates right and left nasal cavities
163
Septal cartilage
Forms rostral two thirds of nasal septum and makes sure nose does not collapse
164
Dorsal nasal meatus
Upper most cavity created by dorsal nasal concha
165
Middle nasal meatus
Cavities created between dorsal and ventral conchae
166
Ventral nasal meatus
Lower most cavities below ventral concha
167
Common nasal meatus
Cavity right next to the septum
168
Frontal sinus
Cavities behind frontal bone
169
Tympanic cavity
Cavity of the middle ear inside tympanic bullae, communicates with nasopharynx via auditory canal
170
Articular disk
Cartilaginous disk in temporomandibular joint
171
Mandibular symphysis
Meeting between the two halves of the mandibles
172
Philtrum
Median groove of nose
173
Superior palpebrae
Upper eyelid
174
Inferior palpebrae
Lower eyelid
175
Medial palpebral commissure
Where eyelids meet medially
176
Lateral palpebral commissure
Where eyelids meet laterally
177
Palpebral conjunctiva
Inner mucus coating of eyelids
178
Bulbar conjunctiva
Mucus coating as the inner eyelid reflects onto the surface of the eye
179
Conjunctival sac
Cavity formed by the eyelids and the front of the eyeball
180
Lacrimal puncta
Small openings of lacrimal ducts at medial commissures, one on each lid
181
Lacrimal gland
Makes tears, sits ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone, secretes into dorsolateral part of conjunctival sac
182
Lacrimal duct
Takes tears from the lacrimal puncta to the lacrimal sac
183
Lacrimal sac
Holds tears between lacrimal duct and lacrimal sac
184
Nasolacrimal duct
Takes tears from lacrimal sac to the ventral nasal meatus in rostral part of nasal cavity
185
Third eyelid
Sits behind bottom eyelid, concave fold of palpebral conjunctiva and cartilage that extends from medial corner of eye, has glands
186
Scutiform cartilage
Small boot shaped plate in the muscles rostral and medial to the external ear
187
Vestibule
Part of mouth between inner cheeks and teeth
188
Parotid duct
Opens on papilla above the upper fourth pre-molar
189
Ducts of zygomatic gland
Opens into the vestibule lateral to the last upper molar tooth
190
Oral cavity proper
Inside of teeth
191
Palatoglossal arch
Tissue extending from body of tongue to beginning of soft palate
192
Vallate papillae
Largest papillae on the back of the tongue, have taste buds
193
Lingual frenulum
Tissue on bottom of tongue
194
Lyssa
Fibrous band on ventral side of tongue from apex to where frenulum connects
195
Sublingual caruncle
Elevation of mucosa to the lateral side of where the frenulum begins
196
Sublingual fold
Caudal extension of sublingual caruncle
197
Mandibular duct
Opens on/near sublingual caruncle
198
Major sublingual duct
Also opens on sublingual caruncle
199
Mandibular salivary gland
Most caudal salivary gland
200
Sublingual gland
Just rostral to mandibular gland
201
Parotid salivary gland
Under ear
202
Pharynx
Consists of nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, and oropharynx
203
Oropharynx
Starts at palatoglossal arches and ends at epiglottis, contains semi-lunar folds that contain tonsils
204
Palatine tonsil
In oropharynx within semilunar folds
205
Semilunar fold
In upper part of oropharynx, contians tonsil
206
Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Opens into ventral nasal meatus in the rostral part of each nasal cavity
207
Nasopharynx
Starts at choanae and ends at palatopharyngeal arch, contains the auditory tube that communicates with the tympanic cavity
208
Palatopharyngeal arch
Extends caudally on each side from the soft palate to the dorsolateral wall of nasopharynx
209
Auditory tube
Tube that runs from the upper part of nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity, why our ears pop when we yawn
210
Laryngopharynx
Starts caudal to palatopharyngeal arches and stops at the limus (bumps before the start of the esophagus)
211
Pharyngoesophageal limen
Bumps where esophagus begins
212
Cricopharyngeus
Arises from lateral surface of cricoid cartilage and inserts on the median raphe of laryngopharynx, most caudal and blends with esophagus
213
Thyropharyngeus
Arises from lateral side of thyroid lamina, and inserts on medial raphe of pharynx
214
Hyopharyngeus
Arises from lateral surface of thyroid bone and ceratohyoid bone, inserts on median dorsal raphe of pharynx
215
Epiglottic cartilage
First part of laryngeal cartilage, folded hands, attached to basihyoid bone
216
Aryepiglottic fold
Lateral folds of epiglottis created from back ends of epiglottis attaching to the arytenoid cartilage
217
Thyroid cartilage
Forms a deep trough that is open at the top
218
Cricothyroid ligament
Attaches the caudal dorsal piece of thyroid cartilage to the caudolateral side of cricoid cartilage
219
Cricoid cartilage
Forms a complete ring that is partially within the thyroid cartilage, keeps the trachea open
220
Arytenoid cartilage
Paired and irregular, attaches to the base of the epiglottis and sits within the thyroid cartilage mostly, attached to the vocal ligament and moves it to create sound
221
Vocal fold
Attached between the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage and the midventral part of the thyroid cartilage
222
Vestibular fold
Forms rostral boundary of laryngeal ventricle
223
Laryngeal ventricle
Diverticulum bounded laterally by thyroid cartilage and medially by arytenoid cartilage
224
Cricothyroid muscle
Passes from cricoid cartilage to thyroid lamina, pulls the two closer together, innervated by laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus nerve)
225
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
Arises from dorsolateral part of cricoid cartilage, and inserts on lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage, rotates arytenoid to move vocal cords
226
Auricular cartilage
Cone shaped cartilage of ear
227
Marginal cutaneous sac
Pouch formed on lateral portion of ear
228
Temporalis muscle
Lateral side of the jaw, arises from temporal fossa and inserts on coronoid process of mandible, closes mouth
229
Masseter muscle
Medial side of jaw, arises from zygomatic arch and inserts on masseteric fossa (ventrolateral surface of mandible ramus) and angular process, closes mouth
230
Zygomatic salivary gland
Sits under eyeball and drains into ducts above the last upper molar
231
Medial and lateral pterygoid muscle
On inside of mandible next to masseter muscle, arise from pterygopalatine fossa and inserts on medial side of mandible, closes mouth
232
Digastricus
Arises from paracondylar process of occipital bone and inserts on body of mandible, opens mouth
233
Genioglossus
Lingual muscle, most medial, arises from intermandibular articulation and insert on median plane
234
Sternohyoideus
Arises from sternum, inserts on basihyoid bone, pulls hyoid apparatus (and thus the larynx) caudally after swallowing to put larynx back in place
235
Thyrohyoideus
Dorsal to sternohyoideus,
