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PSYCHOLOGY 1ST YEAR > PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION > Flashcards

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Flashcards

1
Q

9 Critical Feature of Communication

A

Involves Participants
Process
Transactional
Symbolic
Intentional
Pervasive
Cultural
Contextual
Dynamic

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2
Q

refers to the process of sharing information between/ among participants.

A

Communication

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3
Q

refers to the technical means to carry out the process.

A

Communications-

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4
Q

5 Elements of Communication

A

Sender
Receiver
Message
Channel
Feedback

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5
Q

is the originator or the source of the message / information.

A

Sender-

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6
Q

refers to the intended recipient of the message communicated or sent by the reader.

A

Receiver-

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7
Q

is a transmissible combination of information. It serves as a link, which connects both the sender and the receiver towards meaningful understanding.

A

Message-

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8
Q

is the medium used by the receiver to transmit the idea after being encoded into a message.

A

Channel-

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9
Q

is the reaction or response of the receiver, which is communicated to the sender.

A

Feedback-

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10
Q

It often stems from a misalignment of explicit and implicit meaning between the sender and receiver.

It is the failure to communicate adequately or not being able to express ideas or thoughts correctly..

A

Miscommunication

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11
Q

It includes homogenization (according to critics)

A

Globalization

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12
Q

It enhances connection and interdependence.

A

Globalization

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13
Q

Virtual Interaction.

A

Impact of Globalization

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14
Q

4 Impact of Globalization

A

Virtual Interaction.
Cultural Difference and Intercultural Understanding
Informatization
Time Difference.

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15
Q

4 Dimensions of Globalization

A

Social
Cultural
Political
Economic

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16
Q

It is the way we do things.

A

Defining Culture

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17
Q

It is a binding force.

A

Defining Culture

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18
Q

It is the way we live, behave, and show ourselves.

A

Defining Culture

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19
Q

It includes customs and civilization.

A

Defining Culture

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20
Q

It is a lens used to view the world.

A

Defining Culture

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21
Q

It emphasizes an agreement.

A

Defining Cultures

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22
Q

5 Characteristics of Cultures

A

Learned
Shared
Cumulative
Dynamic
Diverse

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23
Q

This approach is commonly associated with Geert Hofstede (1984, 1988 & 2001), as described in Schermerhorn and Bachrach (2017). He explored national cultures through the identification of five different dimensions, which are:

A

Dimensions of Culture

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24
Q

6 Dimensions of Culture

A

Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism - Collectivism
Masculinity - Feminity
Time Orientation
Indulgent - Restraint

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25
Q

This is the degree a society accepts or rejects the unequal distribution of power in organizations and society. In high power distance cultures, age, status and titles influence the level of respect to be given.

A
  1. Power Distance
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26
Q

This is the degree a society tolerates or is uncomfortable with risk, change, and situational uncertainty. In high uncertainty avoidance cultures, such as France or Japan, one would expect to find a preference for structure, order and predictability.

A
  1. Uncertainty Avoidance
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27
Q

This is the degree to which a society emphasizes an individual’s accomplishments and self-interest, versus the accomplishments and interests of groups. In Hofstede’s data, the United States had the highest individualism score of any country.

A
  1. Individualism-Collectivism
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28
Q

This is the degree a society values assertiveness and materialism versus feelings, relationships, and quality of life. You might think of it as a tendency to emphasize stereotypical masculine or feminine traits and attitudes towards gender roles. Visitors to Japan, with the highest masculinity score in Hofstede’s research, will probably notice how restricted career opportunities can be for women.

A
  1. Masculinity-Feminity
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29
Q

This is the degree to which a society emphasises short-term or long-term goals. Americans are notorious for being impatient and wanting quick, even instant gratification.

A
  1. Time Orientation
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30
Q

An indulgent society is one which values the satisfaction of human needs and desires; a restrained society sees the value in curbing ones’ desires and

A
  1. Indulgent-Restraint
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31
Q

It is being able to communicate with the members of your local area. It can either be in your local language (mother tongue), or a common language that you speak within your town.

A

Local Communication

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32
Q

It is the term used to describe ways to connect, share, relate and mobilize across geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural divides.

A

Global Communication

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33
Q

It refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups.

A

Multicultural

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34
Q

It deals with the comparison of different cultures.

A

Cross- Cultural Communication

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35
Q

It describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all cultures.

A

Intercultural Communication

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36
Q

11 Issues in Cross- Cultural

A

Generalization
Stereotypes
Anxiety
Assuming similarity instead of difference.
Perception
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Shock
Culture Lag
Culture Survival
Culture Variation

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37
Q

This refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and private life..

A

Gender- Sensitive Language

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38
Q

This is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.

A

Political Correctness

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39
Q

6 examples of Political Correctness

A

Ugly
Drug Addict
Broken Home
Poor
Old
Prisoner

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40
Q

High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.

By contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and specific.

A

High - Context vs. Low Context

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41
Q

In __________ cultures (like North American, English, German, Swedish, and Dutch), business people give full attention to one agenda item after another.

A

Sequential

42
Q

In ___________ cultures (including South America, southern Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated. This viewpoint influences how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking, investments, developing talent from within, and the concept of “long-term” planning

A

Synchronic

43
Q

Members of neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings, but keep them carefully controlled and subdued.

In cultures with high affect, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying, shouting, or walking out of the room.

A

Affective Vs Neutral

44
Q

It is a tool for communication.

A

Language

45
Q

It is fundamental aspect of cultural expression.

A

Language

46
Q

It is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue.

A

Spoken Language

47
Q

It is characterized by the insertion into the utterance of words without any meaning.

A

Spoken Language

48
Q

It utilizes the human voice and all kinds of gestures.

A

Spoken Language

49
Q

The writer bears a greater volume of responsibility than its spoken counterpart.

A

Written Language

50
Q

It is carefully organized and more explanatory, more often the word choice is more deliberate. .

A

Written Language

51
Q

4 types of Model of English Learning

A

ENL
ESL
EFL
EIL

52
Q

_______________, these are native speakers born in an English-speaking country, having then this language as their mother tongue or first tongue.

A

ENL: English as a native language

53
Q

____________________ these are the non-native speakers who have learnt English almost at the same time as their mother tongue.
.

A

ESL: English as a second language,

54
Q

________________ these are the non-native speakers who learnt English in a country where English is not usually spoken.

A

EFL: English as a foreign language,

55
Q

_________________ English is arguably the world’s common language for science, business, tourism and communication. .

A

EIL: English as an International Language

56
Q

The ________ is made up the traditional bases of English and its speakers are the ones in charge of providing the norms.

A

Inner Circle

57
Q

The ______________ represents the places where they speak official non-native varieties of English because of their colonial history

A

Outer Circle

58
Q

The ___________is made up by EFL speakers where English is not usually spoken. In this circle the speakers have to follow the rules established by the Inner Circle and developed or challenged by the Outer one.

A

Expanding Circle

59
Q

It refers to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from one another. This covers subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and idiolect.

A

Language Varieties

60
Q

Type of Lects (4)

A

Regional Dialect
Sociolect
Ethnolect
Idiolect

61
Q

A variety spoken in a particular region.

A

Regional Dialect

62
Q

Also known as a social dialect, a variety of language used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any other social group.

A

Sociolect

63
Q

A lect spoken by a specific ethnic group

A

Ethnolect

64
Q

This is the language or languages spoken by each individual

A

Idiolect

65
Q

A simplified form of a language used by a non-native speaker. It develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don’t share a common language

A

Pidgin

66
Q

Simplifying different language and mixing into a new different form. When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community

A

Creole

67
Q

Is a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country.

A

Regional Dialect

68
Q

Sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own variety which they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety

A

Minority Dialect

69
Q

Spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations

A

Indigenized Varieties

70
Q

Defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. It is used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed

A

Register

71
Q

3 types of Register

A

Formal Language Register
Informal Language Register
Neutral Language Register

72
Q

It is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger

A

Formal Language Register

73
Q

It (also called casual or intimate) is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.

A

Informal Language Register

74
Q

It is non- emotional and sticks to facts

A

Neutral Language Register

75
Q

Are patters of speaking characterized by distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, intent, participants, and grammatical structures. Speech styles perform these functions, they can interchangeably called REGISTERS

A

Speech Styles

76
Q

5 different types of speech styles

A

Intimate Speech style
Casual Speech style
Consultative Speech style
Formal Speech style
Frozen Speech style

77
Q

It is used among intimate members of the family, lovers, or close friends who do not need a complete language with clear articulation

A

Intimate speech style

78
Q

It is the most common speech style used among friends and co-workers

A

Casual Speech style

79
Q

It is best used for business and professional relationship

A

Consultative Speech style

80
Q

It is characterized by sharing of information using established professional rules, standard English, processes and procedures

A

Formal Speech style

81
Q

It is the most formal speech style that is usually used in formal contexts such as speech for state ceremonies, court proceedings, religious rituals like weddings, Eucharistic prayer, and liturgies at church

A

Frozen Speech Style

82
Q

Related to ethnography, the description and structural- functional analysis of society and culture with the “Language” a cultural behavior that navigates and helps to share everything acquired by man as a member of society

A

Ethnography of Speaking

83
Q

Is a group of speakers who share at least one communicative variety and the norms for its appropriate use. It is usually circumscribed geoprahically

A

Speech Community

84
Q

Is any social situation in which speech is an element. Most human interactions category involve speech

A

Speech Situation

85
Q

It is the basic unit for analysis communicative interaction in speech communities. Speech events are social events which are carried out through communicative means, especially speech

A

Speech Event

86
Q

The smallest element of communication. It may consist of sentences or phrases, usually grouped in pairs called Adjacency Pairs

A

Speech Act

87
Q
  • According to Hymes, Culture is the knowledge which members in a community share and it is the basis of behaviors, which brings to behaviors certain meanings.
A

Hymes “The Speaking Model”

88
Q

The ‘S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G” Model (Hymes)

A

Setting
Participants
Ends
Act Sequence
Key
Instrumentalities
Norms
Genres

89
Q

The time and place of a speech act and, the physical circumstances.

A

Setting

90
Q

Speaker, Listener, and Audience

A

Participants

91
Q

Purposes, Goals, and Outcomes

A

Ends

92
Q

Form and Order of the event

A

Act Sequence

93
Q

Tone, Manner, or spirit of the speech act

A

Key

94
Q

Forms and styles of speech

A

Instrumentalities

95
Q

Social rules governing the event and the participants actions and reaction

A

Norms

96
Q

The kind of speech act or event

A

Genres

97
Q

WHAT is the subject matter of the text? In what social setting is this kind of text typically produced?

What is the text about? (Different kind of processes, naming)

What is its communicative purpose? (It’s genre) [Processes, naming : economic, social law, newspaper report]

A

Field

98
Q

WHO is the relationship between those involved in the communicative act? e.g writer and reader, speaker and listener

A

Tenor

99
Q

It refers to the text construction, looking at whether it is based on written or spoken forms of communication

A

Mode

100
Q

How is the language being used? How is it the text organized as a series of larger unit of meaning

A

Mode

PSYCHOLOGY 1ST YEAR (6 decks)

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