Pyelonephritis Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is Pyelonephritis?
Upper UTI, kidney infection; inflammation of the kidney
Etiology includes ascending infection or bloodstream infection.
What are the risk factors for Pyelonephritis?
Pregnancy, recurrent lower UTIs, antibiotic-resistant strain
What are the clinical manifestations of Pyelonephritis?
Fever, chills, CVA tenderness
lower UTI symptoms
hematuria
N/V
anorexia
What is the primary treatment for Pyelonephritis?
Antibiotics: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin
What is a major complication of Pyelonephritis?
Urosepsis
More likely in elderly patients and can lead to severe systemic responses.
Where can urinary obstructions occur in the urinary system?
Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
Blockages can prevent the flow of urine.
What are common causes of urinary obstruction?
Renal calculi, pregnancy, tumors, bladder cancer, neurogenic bladder, prostatic hyperplasia
These causes can occur at various points in the urinary tract.
What are potential complications of urinary obstruction?
Stasis of urine flow, back-up pressure
hydroureter
hydronephrosis
postrenal acute kidney injury
These complications can severely affect renal function.
Define Nephrolithiasis.
Clumps of crystals in the urinary tract
Also known as kidney stones.
What factors enhance crystal formation in Nephrolithiasis?
pH changes(uti)
excessive concentration of insoluble salts(dehydration, bone disease, gout, renal disease)
urinary stasis (immobile)
These factors contribute to the development of kidney stones.
What are the risk factors for Nephrolithiasis?
Sex (men), age (20s-30s), race (white), family history, congenital defect, obesity, hot weather(dehydration)
These factors increase susceptibility to kidney stones.
What type of kidney stones is most common?
Calcium oxalate or Calcium phosphate
These account for 70-80% of cases.
What are the clinical manifestations of Nephrolithiasis?
Pain of acute renal colic, N/V, dysuria, chills & fever( online if infection is present), hematuria, foul-smelling urine
Pain is often severe and can radiate.
What is Renal Cell Carcinoma?
85% of kidney cancers; risk factors include smoking, obesity, age, male gender, genetics
Prognosis depends on metastasis.
What are the late manifestations of Renal Cell Carcinoma?
CVA tenderness, hematuria, possible palpable abdominal mass
These symptoms indicate advanced disease.
What is bladder cancer’s most common type?
Urothelial carcinoma (>90%)
It is the fourth most common cancer in men.
What are early symptoms of bladder cancer?
Hematuria
Later symptoms include frequency, urgency, dysuria.
Define Glomerulonephritis.
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys
It can lead to kidney damage and dysfunction.
What are the two types of injury in Glomerulonephritis?
Anti-GBM antibodies, immune complex deposition
Both lead to accumulation of antigens, antibodies, and complement.
What does the acronym H.A.R.P. stand for in Acute Glomerulonephritis?
Hematuria, Azotemia, Retention, Proteinuria
These are key clinical manifestations.
What is Nephrotic Syndrome?
The glomerulus is too permeable to plasma proteins, leading to >3 grams of protein loss per day
It can result from conditions like glomerulonephritis or diabetes.
What are the clinical manifestations of Nephrotic Syndrome?
Edema, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver problems, hypercoagulation
These symptoms arise from protein loss and fluid retention.
What is the major complication of Diabetic Nephropathy?
Gross thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
This ultimately leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
