Python

Question 1

In Python, data = [6, 8, 10, 12];

put data into an np array?

Answer 1

import np

MyArray = np.array(data)

Question 2

In Python add dict1 to dict 2?

Answer 2

dict2.update(dict1)

Question 3

In Python, create a dict that pairs keys and values? (keys and values are variables)

Answer 3

dict(zip(keys, values))

Question 4

In Python and numpy:
arr_slice = arr[5:8]
arr_slice[1] = 12345

What is the result?

Answer 4

arr[6] equals 12345 (in the original object)

Question 5

What is a python list comprehension to find all words in TEXT that are longer than 5 characters and appear at least 5 times?

Answer 5

[w for w in set(TEXT) if len(w) > 5 and FreqDist(TEXT)[w] >=5]

Question 6

With NLTK, when tagging, what is a way to address the trade-off between accuracy and coverage?

Answer 6

Start with a tagger that is more accurate and back-off to a tagger that has greater coverage

Question 7

In python, how can you reverse a dictionary and why do it?

Answer 7

How:
nltk.Index((value, key) for (key, value) in oldDict.items())

Why:

• Reverse lookup is faster
• dict() won’t deal with multiple values

Question 8

Using NLTK and the brown corpus, how do you create a conditional frequency distribution based on genre?

Answer 8

ConditionalFreqDist((genre, word)
for genre in brown.categories()
for word in brown.words(categories = genre))

Question 9

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])

What does arr[0,2] return?

Answer 9

The same as arr[0][2], which is 3.

Question 10

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])

What does arr[0][2] return?

Answer 10

The same as arr[0,2], which is 3.

Question 11

In iPython, 2 quick ways to time a function?

Answer 11

1) %timeit

2) %time

Question 12

In Python, return an object’s True or False?

Answer 12

bool(object)

Question 13

In Python, return the value of ‘a’ from myDict while deleting the key, value pair?

Answer 13

myDict.pop(‘a’)

Question 14

In Python, load numpy?

Answer 14

import numpy as np

Question 15

In iPython, look up magic words?

Answer 15

%.[TAB]

Question 16

In Python’s interpreter, return list of attributes & methods of myObject?

Answer 16

myObject.[TAB]

Question 17

In, iPython, what does this return?

‘numpy.load?’

Answer 17

All numpy functions that have load as part of the name.

Question 18

In Python, s = ‘hello’

s[::-1]?

Answer 18

olleh

Question 19

In Python, what does the following return if x = 30?

‘Yes’ if x > 10 else ‘No’

Answer 19

‘Yes’

Question 20

In Python, s = ‘hello’

What does the following return?

For i, value in enumerate(s):
print(value)

Answer 20

h
e
l
l
o

Question 21

In Python, return and remove the 3rd item in list T?

Answer 21

T.pop(2)

Question 22

In Python, s = ‘hello’

What does the following return?

s[2:4]

Answer 22

ll

s[start:up to, but not including]

Question 23

In Python and np, how do you flip an array Dat with rows and columns?

Answer 23

Dat.T()

Question 24

In Python and np:

names = array of 7 names
data = 7 by 4 d.array

What does the following return?

data[names == “Bob”|names == ‘Will’]

Answer 24

The rows of data at the index of names that equal ‘Bob’ or ‘Will’

Question 25

In lexical resources, what is the word itself called?

Answer 25

the headword or lemma

Question 26

In lexical resources, what is the classification as a noun, verb, etc., called?

Answer 26

The part-of-speech or lexical category

Question 27

In lexical resources, what is the meaning referred to as?

Answer 27

Sense definition or gloss

Question 28

In Python, tup = (4, 5, (6, 7)) Unpack tup?

Answer 28

a, b, (c, d) = tup

Question 29

In Python, test if string S has a title capitilization?

Answer 29

S.istitle()

Question 30

In Python, what module is useful to add items into a sorted list?

Answer 30

bisect

Question 31

Assuming data is an np nd.array, how many rows & columns?

Answer 31

data.shape

Question 32

In Python and np, how do you copy an array?

Answer 32

array.copy()

Question 33

In Python, rewrite the following as a list comprehension? flattened = [] for tup in some_tuples: for x in tup: flattened.append(x)

Answer 33

flattened = [x for tup in some_tuples for x in tup]

Question 34

In Python, how do you create a list of 1 - 10?

Answer 34

range(1, 11)

Question 35

In Python, how do you create a list of 10 - 20?

Answer 35

range(10, 21)

Question 36

In Python, how do you create a list of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20?

Answer 36

range(10, 21, 2)

Question 37

In nltk, view a graph of Conditional Frequency Distribution called cfd?

Answer 37

cfd.plot()

Question 38

With pd, dat has columns year and state. Create a column called myNum that equals 16 for all records?

Answer 38

dat['myNum'] = 16

Question 39

With pd, dat is a list object of multiple dictionaries. Create a data frame?

Answer 39

DataFrame(dat)

Question 40

In Python, define a feature extractor for documents that searches a document for a list of words and returns a feature set?

Answer 40

def myFunc(list_of_words, a_document): - >doc_words = set(a_document) - >to_return = {} - >for words in list_of_words: - >->to_return['contains(%s)' % words] = words in doc_words - >to_return

Question 41

With pd, what are 2 ways to return a column from a DataFrame?

Answer 41

Attr: dat.name Dict: dat['name']

Question 42

With pd, assign -5 to Series object dat at index 't'?

Answer 42

dat['t'] = -5

Question 43

With pd, create a series from 4, 7, 2, 1?

Answer 43

Series([4, 7, 2, 1])

Question 44

Load pandas?

Answer 44

import pandas as pd | from pandas import Series, DataFrame

Question 45

Assuming this_dat is an np nd-array, what is the type?

Answer 45

this_dat.dtype

Question 46

With pd, return just Series obj's values?

Answer 46

obj.values

Question 47

In pd, 2 ways to use .isnull and .notnull?

Answer 47

Either as a method of an object or a pd function applied to an object.

Question 48

With pd, return Series object--obj--index?

Answer 48

obj.index

Question 49

In Python and np, return set difference of x vs. y?

Answer 49

np.setdiff1d(x, y)

Question 50

In Python, view the conditions associated with a Conditional Frequency Distribution called CFD?

Answer 50

CFD.conditions()

Question 51

With pd, assign column order of 'state' then 'year' to dat DataFrame?

Answer 51

DataFrame(dat, columns = ['state', 'year'])

Question 52

In Python and np, return the intersection of x and y?

Answer 52

np.intersect1d(x, y)

Question 53

With pd, what happens when you build a DataFrame out of a nested dictionary with 2 levels?

Answer 53

Outer dict keys become the columns and the inner keys are the rows.

Question 54

In Python and np, dat is an array, return another array of 2s and -2s depending on whether dat's value is positive?

Answer 54

np.where(dat > 0, 2, -2)

Question 55

In NLTK, return words that commonly appear around "car" and "bus" in T?

Answer 55

T.common_contexts(['car', 'bus'])

Question 56

In NLTK, create a plot showing where "car", "bus", and "stew" appear in T?

Answer 56

T.dispersion_plot(['car', 'bus', 'stew'])

Question 57

In Python and np, return unique items in x?

Answer 57

np.unique(x)

Question 58

With pd, dat is a dictionary. What does Series(dat) do?

Answer 58

Creates a Series object with dat's keys as an index and in sorted order.

Question 59

In NLTK, after creating 2 lists of words, TEXT1 and TEXT2, how do you find the unique words in TEXT1?

Answer 59

TEXT1.difference(TEXT2) or TEXT1 - TEXT2

Question 60

With NLTK, create a concordance with text object T?

Answer 60

T.concordance('myword')

Question 61

In Python, what is for loop to return the number and existence of each letter in the string variable STRING?

Answer 61

a_dict = {} for L in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv': -> a_dict[L] = STRING.lower().count(L)

Question 62

What are ways to get a list of keys from a Python dictionary, dict?

Answer 62

Treat it like a list and the keys will be the list.

Question 63

In Python, iterate over unique items in S?

Answer 63

for item in set(S)

Question 64

In Python, iterate over a unique set of items in S that are not in T?

Answer 64

for item in set(S).difference(T)

Question 65

In Python, iterate over a random set of items in S?

Answer 65

for item in random.shuffle(S)

Question 66

With pd, delete column State from dat?

Answer 66

del dat['State']

Question 67

In Python, how do you write to a file?

Answer 67

``` with open("file.txt", "w") as f: -> f.write("here is some text") ```

Question 68

With NLTK, how do I create a stop-words object that contains a list of english stop-words?

Answer 68

nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('english')

Question 69

In Python and np, return union of x and y?

Answer 69

np.union1d(x, y)

Question 70

In NLTK, return words that have a similar concordance with "apple" in T?

Answer 70

T.similar("apple")

Question 71

In Python, add [4, 'foo', 3, 'red'] to list T?

Answer 71

T.extend([4, 'foo', 3, 'red'])

Question 72

In NLTK, generally describe in code how to create a conditional frequency distribution?

Answer 72

nltk.ConditionalFreqDist(tuple of words like (condition, word))

Question 73

In Python, use code to confirm x is an integer, returning True or False?

Answer 73

isinstance(x, int)

Question 74

In Python, add 'word' at index 3 to list T, sliding all other values to the right?

Answer 74

T.insert(3, 'word')

Question 75

With NLTK, tag all words in TEXT with 'n'?

Answer 75

my_tagger = nltk.DefaultTagger('n') | my_tagger.tag(TEXT)

Question 76

With NLTK, tag all words with tuples of the form (regex, "tag") stored in PATTERNS?

Answer 76

nltk.RegexpTagger(PATTERNS)

Question 77

With NLTK, tag all words based on a lookup list stored in TAGS, while backing off to a tagger that tag "Unk" for any word not in the lookup?

Answer 77

``` nltk.UnigramTagger(model = TAGS, backoff = nltk.DefaultTagger("Unk")) ```

Question 78

In Python, add 'word' to the end of list T?

Answer 78

T.append('word')

Question 79

In Python and np, return boolean for items from x that are in y?

Answer 79

np.in1d(x, y)

Question 80

Create a Python function for creating a measure for the lexical diversity of TEXT?

Answer 80

``` def lexDef(TEXT): -> return (len(TEXT) / len(set(TEXT)) ```

Question 81

In Python, how do you continue onto the next line outside parenthesis?

Answer 81

"\"

Question 82

In Python, return the intersection of S1 and S2?

Answer 82

S1.intersection(S2) or S1 & S2

Question 83

In Python, create a table of a conditional frequency distribution call CFD?

Answer 83

CFD.tabulate()

Question 84

In Python, why are some functions names prefixed by "___"?

Answer 84

They are hidden objects meant to only be used within a module and, as a result, will not be imported when the rest of a library is imported.

Question 85

In NLTK, how do you create an NLTK corpus from a set of text files?

Answer 85

from nltk import PlaintextCorpusReader | corpus = PlaintextCorpusReader(file_path, REGEX_FOR_FILENAMES)

Question 86

WordNet: What is a hypernym?

Answer 86

Words that are up the hierarchy (corvette -> car)

Question 87

WordNet: What is a hyponym?

Answer 87

Words that are down the hierarchy (car -> corvette)

Question 88

WordNet: What is a meronym?

Answer 88

Components of a word (tree is made up of branch, root, and leaves)

Question 89

WordNet: What is a holonym?

Answer 89

What a word is contained in (forest includes trees, a forest is a holonym of tree)

Question 90

WordNet: What does entail mean?

Answer 90

Specific steps in a verb (walking -> stepping)

Question 91

In Python, after importing os, how do you see your working dir?

Answer 91

os.getcwd()

Question 92

In NLTK, n-gram functions?

Answer 92

nltk. util.bigram(TEXT) nltk. util.trigram(TEXT) nltk. util.ngram(TEXT, n)

Question 93

In Python: def search1(subst, words): - > for word in words: - >-> if subst in word: - >->-> yield word What and why?

Answer 93

This is a generator and is usually more efficient than building a list to store.

Question 94

In regex, search for any letter from a to m?

Answer 94

[a-m]

Question 95

In regex, search for any letter in the word chasm?

Answer 95

[chasm]

Question 96

In regex search for the word chasm or bank?

Answer 96

'chasm|bank'

Question 97

In Python, how do I slice a portion of a STRING that is after the word "START" and up to the word "END"?

Answer 97

STRING[STRING.find('START'):STRING.find('END')]

Question 98

In Python, return the union of SET1 and SET2?

Answer 98

SET1 | SET2 or SET1.union(SET2)

Question 99

In Python, test if string S is all numbers?

Answer 99

S.isdigits()

Question 100

In Python and np, create an array with 0-14?

Answer 100

np.arange(15)

Question 101

In NLTK, assuming I have a RAW string file, how do I tokenize it?

Answer 101

nltk.word_tokenize(RAW)

Question 102

With a frequency distribution (fdist), get a word's percent frequency?

Answer 102

fdist.freq('word')

Question 103

With a freq. dist. (fdist), get n?

Answer 103

fdist.N()

Question 104

With a freq. dist. (fdist), get a plot?

Answer 104

fdist.plot()

Question 105

With a freq. dist. (fdist), get a cumulative plot?

Answer 105

fdist.plot(cumulative = True)

Question 106

In Python, test if string S's last letter is "L"?

Answer 106

S.endswith("L")

Question 107

In Python, test if string S is all non-capitalized letters?

Answer 107

S.islower()

Question 108

In Python, test if string S is composed of letters and numbers?

Answer 108

S.isalnum()

Question 109

In Python, test if string S is all letters?

Answer 109

S.isalpha()

Question 110

In Python, test if string S is all capital letters?

Answer 110

S.isupper()

Question 111

In Python and np, return items in x or y, but not both?

Answer 111

np.setxor1d(x, y)

Question 112

In regex, what is 'a*'?

Answer 112

0 or more of 'a'

Question 113

In regex, what is 'a+'?

Answer 113

1 or more of 'a'

Question 114

In regex, what is 'a?'?

Answer 114

0 or 1 of 'a'

Question 115

In Python, given STRING return the location of "a" going from left to right, but return -1 if not found?

Answer 115

STRING.find("a")

Question 116

In Python, given STRING return the location of "a" going from right to left, but return -1 if not found?

Answer 116

STRING.rfind("a")

Question 117

In Python, given STRING return the location of "a" going from left to right, but return ValueError if not found?

Answer 117

STRING.index("a")

Question 118

In Python, given STRING return the location of "a" going from right to left, but return ValueError if not found?

Answer 118

STRING.rindex("a")

Question 119

In Python, given STRING, return it as all lower case?

Answer 119

STRING.lower()

Question 120

In Python, given STRING, return it as all upper case?

Answer 120

STRING.upper()

Question 121

In Python, given STRING, return it as title casing?

Answer 121

STRING.title()

Question 122

In Python, merge the elements of STRING or LIST with "-"?

Answer 122

"-".join(STRING) | "-".join(LIST)

Question 123

In Python, split A_SENTENCE by the spaces?

Answer 123

A_SENTENCE.split(" ")

Question 124

In Python, split A_DOCUMENT_STRING by new lines?

Answer 124

A_DOCUMENT_STRING.splitlines()

Question 125

In Python, remove leading and trailing whitespace from STRING?

Answer 125

STRING.strip()

Question 126

In Python, replace all occurrences of the letter 'e' with '-' in STRING?

Answer 126

STRING.replace("e", "-")

Question 127

What is an NLTK Text object?

Answer 127

A python list of each individual word and punctuation mark from a STRING or DOCUMENT.

Question 128

___ i in ITERABLE: - >__ ITERABLE[i] == 10: - > -> 1 - >__ ITERABLE[i] == 15: - > -> 0 - >__ - > -> "Neither"

Answer 128

for i in ITERABLE: - >if ITERABLE[i] == 10: - > -> 1 - >elif ITERABLE[i] == 15: - > -> 0 - >else: - > -> "Neither"

Question 129

As list comprehension: for obj in objects: - > if obj == 10: - > -> myFunc(obj)

Answer 129

[myFunc(obj) for obj in objects if obj == 10]

Question 130

In Python's Regex: add word boundary to end of pattern "the"?

Answer 130

r"the\b"

Question 131

In Python's Regex: pattern to find 2 or 3 digits?

Answer 131

r"\d{2,3}"

Question 132

In Python's Regex: pattern to find 5 non-digits?

Answer 132

r"\D{5}"

Question 133

In Python's Regex: pattern to find 0 or 1 spaces?

Answer 133

r"\s?"

Question 134

In Python's Regex: pattern to find a non-space?

Answer 134

r"\S"

Question 135

In Python's Regex: pattern to find a alphanumerics?

Answer 135

r"\w"

Question 136

In Python's Regex: pattern to find anything but alphanumerics?

Answer 136

r"\W"

Question 137

In Python's Regex: pattern to find a tab?

Answer 137

r"\t"

Question 138

In Python's Regex: pattern to find a new line?

Answer 138

r"\n"

Question 139

Python's "not equal"?

Answer 139

!=

Question 140

Python's "equal to"

Answer 140

==

Question 141

Python's "less than or equal"?

Answer 141

<=

Question 142

Python: test for x is greater than 10 but less than or equal to 15?

Answer 142

10 < x <= 15

Question 143

Sort myDict by its value?

Answer 143

from operator import itemgetter | newDict = sorted(myDict.items(), key = itemgetter(1))

Question 144

In Python, open and read the content of a TEXT.txt into STRING?

Answer 144

``` with open("TEXT.txt", "r") as f: -> STRING = f.read() ```

Question 145

With NLTK, create a list of English words from UNIX dictionary?

Answer 145

english_vocab = set(w.lower() for w in nltk.corpus.words.words())

Question 146

Create an NLTK Text object from tokenized text?

Answer 146

nltk.Text(tokens)

Question 147

What NLTK function is a version of defaultdict with sorting and plotting methods?

Answer 147

nltk.Index()

Question 148

What is Brill tagging?

Answer 148

Transformation based learning where a model guess the tag of each word, but then fixes mistakes based on context. Rules are of the form "retag x to y if z comes before it"

Question 149

In Python, return myDict's keys?

Answer 149

myDict.keys()

Question 150

In Python, return myDict's items as a list of tuples?

Answer 150

myDicts.items()

Question 151

In Python, return myDict's values?

Answer 151

myDict.values()

Question 152

With nltk, remove HTML tags from this_object?

Answer 152

nltk.clean_html(this_object)

Question 153

In Python, test if STRING's first letter is "A"?

Answer 153

STRING.startswith("A")

Question 154

With pd, add or change DATAFRAME's name for its columns or index?

Answer 154

``` DATAFRAME.column.name = "NEW_NAME" DATAFRAME.index.name = "NEW_NAME" ```

Question 155

With nltk, count all words in TEXT? (I believe this must be a nltk.Text object)

Answer 155

nltk.FreqDist(TEXT)

Question 156

In Python's Regex: pattern to find "a" followed by any character but a new line?

Answer 156

r"a."

Question 157

In Python's Regex: pattern to find the word "the", but not as part of any other word?

Answer 157

r"^the$"

Question 158

In Python's Regex: pattern to anything but vowels?

Answer 158

r"[^aeiou]"

Question 159

In Python, finish this code to create NewText, wihch only includes the top 1000 most frequent words and replaces all others with "Unk"? from collections import defaultdict vocab = nltk.FreqDist(OldText) v1000 = list(vocab)[:1000] now what?

Answer 159

map = defaultdict(lamda: "Unk") for v in v1000: -> map[v] = v NewText = [map[v] for v in OldText]

Question 160

Using Python's list comprehension, count the number of times words ending in 'ed', 'ing', or 'es' show up in My_Text?

Answer 160

sum([1 for w in My_Text if re.search(r"ed$|ing$|es$", w)])

Question 161

In Python, import and start debugger on myFunc?

Answer 161

import pdb | pdb.run("myFunc()")

Question 162

In Python, while in debugger, execute the current line?

Answer 162

step

Question 163

In Python, while in debugger, execute through the next line?

Answer 163

next

Question 164

In Python, while in debugger, execute up to the next break point?

Answer 164

continue

Question 165

In Python, while in debugger, how do you view the value of Obj?

Answer 165

Obj

Question 166

In Python, while in debugger, how do you see the value of a function's parameter??

Answer 166

argument name

Question 167

In Python's debugger, how do you view or list break points?

Answer 167

break on command line or in code

Question 168

With nltk's Text, find every instance of "a * man", but return only *?

Answer 168

Text.findall(r" (.*) ")

Question 169

In Python, derive the vocab from Text?

Answer 169

set([w.lower() for w in Text if w.isalpha()])

Question 170

In Python, test if STRING contains SUBSTRING?

Answer 170

SUBSTRING in STRING

Question 171

In Python, how do I check what kind of object MY_OBJECT is?

Answer 171

type(MY_OBJECT)

Question 172

In Python, return the actual result of 5 divided by 2?

Answer 172

5 / 2

Question 173

In Python, return the integer result of 5 divided by 2?

Answer 173

5 // 2

Question 174

In Python, return the remainder from 5 divided by 2?

Answer 174

5 % 2

Question 175

In Python, what is another way to do the following: a = a + 3?

Answer 175

a += 3

Question 176

In Python, return the remainder and integer result of 5 divided by 2?

Answer 176

divmod(5, 2)

Question 177

In Python, what does int(98.7) return?

Answer 177

98 because it just lops off everything after the decimal

Question 178

In Python: ``` bottles = 99 base = 'current inventory: ' ``` Add bottles to base?

Answer 178

base += str(bottles)

Question 179

In Python: ``` a = Duck. b = a c = Grey Duck! ``` Result of a + b + c vs. print(a, b, c)?

Answer 179

a + b + c = Duck.Duck.Grey Duck! | print(a, b, c) = Duck. Duck. Grey Duck!

Question 180

In Python, what happens and what are solutions? ``` name = 'Henry' name[0] = 'P' ```

Answer 180

TypeError because strings are immutable. Must use name.replace("H", "P") or "P" + name[1:]

Question 181

In Python, how many times does WORD appear in LONG_STRING?

Answer 181

LONG_STRING.count(WORD)

Question 182

In Python, return MY_LIST in reverse?

Answer 182

MY_LIST[::-1]

Question 183

In Python, another way to do: MY_LIST.extend(YOUR_LIST)

Answer 183

MY_LIST += YOUR_LIST

Question 184

In Python, another way to do: MY_LIST += YOUR_LIST

Answer 184

MY_LIST.extend(YOUR_LIST)

Question 185

In Python, what is the difference between MY_LIST.extend(YOUR_LIST) and MY_LIST.append(YOUR_LIST)?

Answer 185

MY_LIST.extend(YOUR_LIST) returns a single list | MY_LIST.append(YOUR_LIST) makes MY_LIST[:-1] = YOUR_LIST (a list within a list)

Question 186

In Python, get rid of 'item_a' in MY_LIST?

Answer 186

MY_LIST.remove('item_a')

Question 187

In Python, return and then get rid of 'item_a' in MY_LIST?

Answer 187

MY_LIST.pop('item_a')

Question 188

In Python, return the index of 'item_a' in MY_LIST?

Answer 188

MY_LIST.index('item_a')

Question 189

In Python, how many times does 'item_a' appear in MY_LIST?

Answer 189

MY_LIST.count('item_a')

Question 190

In Python, what is the difference between: MY_LIST.sort() sorted(MY_LIST)

Answer 190

MY_LIST.sort() changes MY_LIST (and does not return the result) sorted(MY_LIST) returns a sorted copy of MY_LIST

Question 191

In Python: ``` a = [1, 2, 3] b = a a[0] = 5 ``` What does b return?

Answer 191

[5, 2, 3]

Question 192

In Python, create a new version of MY_LIST in NEW_LIST? (3 ways)

Answer 192

``` NEW_LIST = MY_LIST.copy() or NEW_LIST = list(MY_LIST) or NEW_LIST = MY_LIST[:] ```

Question 193

In Python, delete all keys and values from a MY_DICTIONARY? (2 ways)

Answer 193

MY_DICTIONARY.clear() or MY_DICTIONARY = {}

Question 194

In Python, MY_DICTIONARY does not have THIS_KEY. What is the difference? MY_DICTIONARY.get("THIS_KEY", "Nope") MY_DICTIONARY["THIS_KEY"]

Answer 194

MY_DICTIONARY.get("THIS_KEY", "Nope") returns "Nope" MY_DICTIONARY["THIS_KEY"] Returns an error

Question 195

In Python 3, what is the difference? MY_DICT.keys() list(MY_DICT.keys())

Answer 195

MY_DICT.keys() returns MY_DICT.dict_keys(), which is an iterable view of the keys list(MY_DICT.keys()) returns a converted version of the iterable view, which is a list

Question 196

In Python, create a new version of MY_DICT that keeps the dictionary's values and keys?

Answer 196

MY_DICT.copy()

Question 197

In python, what does this return? bool( { 'a', 'b', 'c' } & { 'd', 'e', 'f' } )

Answer 197

False because the two sets have nothing in common

Question 198

In python, what does this return? bool( [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ] & { 'd', 'e', 'f' } )

Answer 198

An error because the first component is a list

Question 199

In Python, what does this return? {'a', 'b', 'c'} ^ {'d', 'e', 'a'}

Answer 199

{'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'}

Question 200

In Python, what is another version of this? SET1.issubset(SET2)

Answer 200

SET1 <= SET2

Question 201

In Python, what is another version of this? SET1.issuperset(SET2)

Answer 201

SET1 >= SET2

Question 202

In Python, make a tuple of lists out of LIST1, LIST2, LIST3?

Answer 202

tup_of_lists = LIST1, LIST2, LIST3

Question 203

In Python, count = 1, create a while loop that adds to count until it is equal to 50?

Answer 203

while count < 50: | -> count += 1

Question 204

In Python, create an infinite loop that capitalizes the users input and stops only when the user enters 'q'?

Answer 204

while True: - > user_input = input('Enter Here: ") - > if user_input == 'a': - > -> break - > print(user_input.upper())

Question 205

In Python, how do you make a loop start the next iteration without completed the remaining code within the current loop?

Answer 205

continue

Question 206

In Python, when will this end? for day, fruit, drink, dessert in zip(days, fruits, drinks, desserts): -> print(day, fruit, drink, dessert)

Answer 206

When the shortest sequence is done

Question 207

Describe Python's list comprehension?

Answer 207

[ expression for item in iterable if condition ]

Question 208

Describe Python's dictionary comprehension?

Answer 208

{ key_expression : value_expression for item in iterable if condition }

Question 209

Describe Python's set comprehension?

Answer 209

{ expression for item in iterable }

Question 210

In Python, what is this? | expression for item in iterable if condition

Answer 210

It is a generator comprehension

Question 211

In Python, create a function that repeats an argument with a space between it?

Answer 211

``` def echo(arg): -> return arg + " " + arg ```

Question 212

Change this Python function so that it can take any number of arguments: ``` def print_this(VARIABLE): -> print(VARIABLE) ```

Answer 212

``` def print_this(*args): -> print( args ) ```

Question 213

When defining a function in Python, how do you gather all keyword arguments into a dictionary?

Answer 213

**kwargs kwargs is the name of the dictionary to use in the function, but technically ' ** ' is what tells Python to gather the keyword arguments into a dictionary, which--by convention--is called kwargs

Question 214

In Python, where do you put a function's documentation?

Answer 214

As a docstring at the start of the function's body as a comment

Question 215

In Python, print print's docstring?

Answer 215

print(print.__doc__)

Question 216

In Python, add an error handler that simply prints MSG: ``` def add_this(first, second): -> return first + second ```

Answer 216

def add_this(first, second): - > try: - > -> return first + second - > except: - > -> print(MSG)

Question 217

In Python, test.py prints out "Program arguments: [file_name, and other arguments]". What does test.py say?

Answer 217

import sys | print("Program arguments: ", sys.argv)

Question 218

In Python, return a random item from THIS_LIST

Answer 218

random.choice(THIS_LIST)

Question 219

Where does Python look for modules?

Answer 219

Based on the items listed in sys.path

Question 220

What function is helpful for printing an index value along with each item in LIST?

Answer 220

enumerate()

Question 221

How do you make Python treat MY_DIR as a Python package?

Answer 221

Make sure there is a file called __init__.py, which can be empty.

Question 222

In Python, return my_dict['key'] by assigning 12 if 'key' does not already exist and otherwise just returns its current value?

Answer 222

my_dict.setdefault( 'key', 12 )

Question 223

In Python, MY_LIST is a list of objects, which sometimes repeat. How many of each item are in MY_LIST?

Answer 223

from collections import Counter | Counter(MY_LIST)

Question 224

In Python, what is the most popular item or items? from collections import Counter item_counter = Counter(item)

Answer 224

item_counter.most_common(1)--most popular item item_counter.most_common()--all items, in sorted order

Question 225

In Python, what does this check? word == word[::-1]

Answer 225

Is word a palindrome?

Question 226

In Python, given a list, what object and methods are useful to pull items from either side?

Answer 226

from collections import deque - pop - popleft

Question 227

In Python, given 4 lists, what function is useful to go through items, 1 at a time, across all 4 lists?

Answer 227

from itertools import chain

Question 228

In Python, what function is useful for continuously iterating through LIST?

Answer 228

from itertools import cycle

Question 229

In Python, what function is useful for cumulative functions, such as sum?

Answer 229

from itertools import accumulate

Question 230

In Python, how do you create an easier to read print out?

Answer 230

from pprint import pprint

Question 231

In Python, create a class for Person that stores a name?

Answer 231

class Person(): - > def __init__(self, name): - > -> self.name = name

Question 232

In OOP, what are names for an original class?

Answer 232

superclass, parent class, base class

Question 233

In OOP, what names for classes that inherit something from a an original class?

Answer 233

subclass, child class, derived class

Question 234

In Python, create a Child class that inherits everything from a Parent class and does nothing additional?

Answer 234

``` class Child(Parent): -> pass ```

Question 235

In Python, create a class for Doctor that stores a name and has method to greet a patient by name?

Answer 235

class Doctor(): - > def __init__(self, name): - > -> self.name = name - > def greeting(self, patient): - > -> self.greeting = print("Hello", patient, "I'm Doctor", self.name)

Question 236

In Python, why use super()?

Answer 236

If you are creating a subclass with a new __init__ definition, but still want to inherit items from the parent class

Question 237

In Python, class Circle(): - > def __init__(self, radius): - > -> self.radius = radius - > @property - > def diameter(self): - > -> return 2 * self.radius test = Circle(30) What happens when you run: test.diameter = 15

Answer 237

An exception because diameter is a attribute that can't be set directly. This is identified by the @property tag, which would otherwise make diameter a method rather than an attribute.

Question 238

What is a class method and how is it distinguished?

Answer 238

It is a method that affects the class as a whole, as opposed to an instance method, which affects only a particular instance of the class. It is distinguished with the @classmethod decorator tag.

Question 239

In Python, how do you identify how to print a class?

Answer 239

Use the __str__ magic method to define how you print a class when print(class) is called.

Question 240

In Python, create a named tuple called 'document' that has attr1, attr2, and attr3 as its composition? Then use it for item1, item2, item3.

Answer 240

from collections import namedtuple the_tuple = namedtuple('document', 'attr1 attr2 attr3') the_tuple(item1, item2, item3)

Question 241

Using old style strings in Python, create a string that says the following, but "Hunter" and "1984" are variables: "My name is Hunter and I was born in 1984"

Answer 241

"My name is %s and I was born in %s" % (name, year)

Question 242

Using new style strings in Python, create a string that says the following, but "Hunter" and "1984" are variables: "My name is Hunter and I was born in 1984"

Answer 242

"My name is {} and I was born in {}".format(name, year)

Question 243

In Python regular expressions, what is the difference between the methods and functions?

Answer 243

The methods require calling re.compile(pattern) first, but then the search will be sped up. If not necessary, re.functionname(pattern, object) is a reasonable alternate.

Question 244

In Python, return the first match of a regular expression PATTERN within STRING?

Answer 244

CP = re.compile(PATTERN) CP.search(STRING) OR re.search(PATTERN, STRING)

Question 245

In Python, return of all non-overlapping matches to regular expression PATTERN within STRING?

Answer 245

CP = re.compile(PATTERN) CP.findall(STRING) OR re.findall(PATTERN, STRING)

Question 246

In Python, return a list made from a STRING that was split at a regular expression PATTERN.

Answer 246

CP = re.compile(PATTERN) CP.split(STRING) OR re.split(PATTERN, STRING)

Question 247

In Python, replace all matches to a regular expression PATTERN contained within STRING using REPLACEMENT?

Answer 247

re.sub(PATTERN, REPLACEMENT, STRING)

Question 248

In Python, check to see if the STRING starts with the regular expression PATTERN?

Answer 248

CP = re.compile(PATTERN) CP.match(STRING) OR re.match(PATTERN, STRING)

Question 249

Create a regex that finds pat1 if is not followed by pat2?

Answer 249

pat1(!=pat2)

Question 250

Create a regex that finds pat1 if it is preceded by pat2?

Answer 250

(?<=pat2)pat1

Question 251

Create a regex that finds pat1 if it is not preceded by pat2?

Answer 251

(?<1pat2)pat1

Question 252

Describe the pattern for use in re.search or re.match that allows you to name groups?

Answer 252

(?P< name > pattern)

Question 253

Create a regex that finds pat1 if is followed by pat2?

Answer 253

pat1(?=pat2)

Question 254

Read file.txt in one line at a time, but create a single string called the_text?

Answer 254

the_text = "" with open("file.txt", "r") as f: -> for line in f: -> -> the_text += line

Question 255

Read in file.csv as a list (columns) of lists (rows)?

Answer 255

``` import csv with open("file", "r") as f: -> cin = csv.reader(f) -> stuff = [row for row in cin] ```

Question 256

What does this do? import csv with open("villians', 'r') as fin: - > cin = csv.DictReader(fin, fieldnames = ['first', 'last']) - > villains = [row for row in cin] print(villains ]

Answer 256

It prints villains, which is a list of dictionaries each have a key for 'first' and for 'last'

Question 257

What is the simplest way to parse XML in Python?

Answer 257

Using xml.etree.ElementTree

Question 258

Given a string JSON--in JSON format--read it into a Python dictionary?

Answer 258

import json | str_dict= json.loads(JSON)

Question 259

Verify a directory or a file exist?

Answer 259

import os | os.path.exists(directory or file)

Question 260

Verify myfile is an existing file in your working dir?

Answer 260

import os | os.path.isfile(myfile)

Question 261

Verify mydir is an existing directory?

Answer 261

os.path.isdir(mydir)

Question 262

Is myfilename an absolute path?

Answer 262

os.path.isabs(myfilename)

Question 263

Copy myfile.txt and call it newtext.txt?

Answer 263

import shutil | shutil.copy('myfile.txt', 'newtext.txt')

Question 264

Rename myfile.txt newtext.txt?

Answer 264

import os | os.rename('myfile.txt', 'newtext.txt')

Question 265

Get the full path name for myfile.txt, which is in your current working directory?

Answer 265

os.path.abspath('myfile.txt')

Question 266

Delete myfile.txt?

Answer 266

os.remove('myfile.txt')

Question 267

Create the directory, mynewdir?

Answer 267

os.mkdir('mynewdir')

Question 268

Remove the directory, mynewdir?

Answer 268

os.rmdir('mynewdir')

Question 269

List the items in mynewdir, which is within the current working directory?

Answer 269

os.listdir('mynewdir')

Question 270

Switch to mynewdir, which is within the current working directory?

Answer 270

os.chdir('mynewdir')

Question 271

Find all the files within the current working directory that start with 'm'?

Answer 271

import glob | glob.glob("m*")

Question 272

What module and object deals with years, months, and days?

Answer 272

datetime.date

Question 273

What module and object deals with hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second?

Answer 273

datetime.time

Question 274

What module and object deals with years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second

Answer 274

datetime.datetime

Question 275

What module and object deals with date or time intervals?

Answer 275

datetime.timedelta

Question 276

How does the time module deal with time?

Answer 276

As seconds from January 1, 1970.

Question 277

Convert the time object, mytime, to a string?

Answer 277

time.ctime(mytime)

Question 278

What method of datetime, date, or time objects, or function from the time module is useful for converting dates and times to strings?

Answer 278

strftime()

Question 279

What method is useful for converting a string to a time object?

Answer 279

time.strptime()

Question 280

Create a switch to return VALUE based on POSSIBILITIES?

Answer 280

choices = dict(zip(POSSIBILITES, VALUE)) | choices.get(a_possibility, "Default for key error")