Q1 - Cellular Change + Adaptation Flashcards
Framework for patho?
Etiology (what caused it)
Patho genesis (what it does to the cell/body)
Clinical Manifestations (s/s)
Different types of etiologic factors?
Intrinsic, extrinsic and idiopathic.
What is an iatrogenic extrinsic etiologic factor?
Caused by health care professionals.
Variations in physiologic processes are not always _______ related, but may be related to_______
Disease.
Age, gender, genetic and ethnic background. Even something a simple as the time of day.
What are some ways cells adapt?
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Hypertrophy
Dysplasia
Neoplasia (malignancy)
Which cellular adaptive mechanisms represent increased functional demand?
Injury?
Decreased demand or ischemia?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Metaplasia and hyperplasia
Atrophy
What is the single most common cause of cell injury?
Most common cause of this?
Hypoxia
Ischemia
What is the last stage of hypoxic cell injury right before irreversible damage occurs?
What causes this?
Hydropic degeneration
Low O2 = lack of ATP.
No ATP means ion transport stops
Na and H2O move into cell and K out
Cisternae, ER and cytoplasm swell
Vacuolation occurs.
Once this happens, cellular injury becomes irreversible
Intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes, membrane injury, and cell rupture. Leakage of enzymes into the plasma.
What triggers apoptosis?
Withdrawal of survival signals or activation of death pathway through caspase activation.
What is incomplete differentiation due to?
(Webbed toes) Issues with or lack of apoptosis.
What is the watershed zone?
Apoptosis due to hypoxia of the cells surrounding the primary lesion in a stroke.
What serum levels can be indicative of cell death/injury?
CRP, CPK, amylase and lipase, CEA, troponin, BNP.
What is the most common form of gangrene?
Coagulative gangrene.
What is an example of Caseous gangrene?
TB
