Q1: Lecture 1

Question 1

epistemology

Answer 1

branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and origins of knowledge

Question 2

nativism

Answer 2

believes our knowledge has always existed and is inborn

Question 3

rationalism

Answer 3

knowledge results from the application of reason

Question 4

empiricism

Answer 4

belief that knowledge is attained via sensory experience

Question 5

British empiricists

Answer 5

John Locke, George Berkely, David Hume

Question 6

laws of association

Answer 6

the connection among the mental elements

Question 7

contiguity

Answer 7

mental experiences that occur simultaneously or right after the other becomes associated because they are present close together in time

Question 8

psychophysics

Answer 8

attempted to understand and quantify the relationships between the physical world outside of us and the subjective perceptual world of our inner experience

Question 9

Ernst Weber

Answer 9

proposed a mathematical account of the relationship between external physical properties and internal mental qualities

Question 10

JND

Answer 10

Just Noticeable Difference

Question 11

Weber’s Law

Answer 11

mathematical formula used to relate the physical to the psychological

Question 12

Gustav Fechner

Answer 12

explored physical-psychological correlations using the techniques of psychophysics

Question 13

Weber-Rechner’s law

Answer 13

the relationship between physical properties and psychological qualities is not linear, but rather logarithmic

Question 14

Rene Descartes

Answer 14

french mathematician and philosopher

Question 15

Cartesian dualism

Answer 15

the belief that the universe is composed of 2 essentially different types of stuff (physical and mental)

Question 16

mind-body problem

Answer 16

frequent adoption of Cartesian Dualism has made it necessary to address a challenging conundrum

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 17

founded the 1st research lab to employ the experimental method to address psychological questions

Question 18

introspection

Answer 18

a method where a trained observer provided unbiased reports of fundamental mental experiences free of conceptual interpretation

Question 19

Edward Titchener

Answer 19

founded a school of psychological thought called Structuralism

Question 20

structuralism

Answer 20

psychological approach that employed the introspective technique to advance research

Question 21

William James

Answer 21

the 1st educator to offer a course on psychology and considered the American father of Psychology

Question 22

stream of consciousness

Answer 22

mental events form a continuous and seamless flow of ever-hanging internal experience

Question 23

mentalism

Answer 23

the understanding of the mind

Question 24

John Watson

Answer 24

felt that psychology needed a reboot and offered a prescription for a new psychology

Question 25

behaviorism

Answer 25

studies how people and animals learn and behave through conditioning

Question 26

psychology as mental chemistry

Answer 26

Wundt and structuralists

Question 27

mind as adaptive organ

Answer 27

Functionalists

Question 28

behavior as acquired reflex

Answer 28

focused on learning via experience as the most crucial source of knowledge and stresses the idea that learning processes involve establihing simple associative links between stimuli and responses

Question 29

learning theory

Answer 29

attempts to explain how stimulus-response links are formed; stimuli impinges upon organisms and organisms react because the stimuli elicits responses

Question 30

S-R theory

Answer 30

also known as the learning theory

Question 31

Edward Thorndike

Answer 31

interested in animal learning and was keen to test 2 competing views of problem solving

Question 32

insight

Answer 32

sudden realizations about the problem situation that allowed them to clearly see the solution in a flash

Question 33

"trial and error" learning

Answer 33

simply behaving and suddenly stumbling upon a problem, eventually with time you will learn to make solution responses more rapidly

Question 34

instrumental conditioning

Answer 34

a learning process that modifies voluntary behaviors through reinforcement or punishment

Question 35

law of effect

Answer 35

behaviors that produce positive outcomes are like to be repeated, while behavior that produce negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Question 36

reinforcement

Answer 36

the process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by providing a consequence

Question 37

classical conditioning

Answer 37

pairing a neutral stimulus that produces a natural response