Q2: Lecture 7

Question 1

3 aspects of input attention and related research

Answer 1

alertness and arousal
reflexive orienting
spotlight attention

Question 2

attention

Answer 2

a multifaceted and complex subject that we apply to a wide range of phenomena; input attention and controlled attention

Question 3

cognitive resources

Answer 3

focuses on intelligence, experience, and how they influence how we respond

Question 4

alertness and arousal

Answer 4

prerequisite states of the nervous system in order that we respond and interact with the environment

Question 5

Bonebakker (1996)

Answer 5

conducted research that confounds our intuition and common sense about the role of arousal and alertness

Question 6

word-stem completion task

Answer 6

people are shown the 1st few letters of a word and are asked to name the work that comes to mind

Question 7

implicit memory

Answer 7

memory w/o conscious recollection

Question 8

habituation

Answer 8

the gradual reduction of the orienting response

Question 9

novelty

Answer 9

stimuli that supports reflexive orienting responses

Question 10

sensitization

Answer 10

occurs when an encounter with a noxious stimulus (ex: bee sting) causes reflexive responses to become more pronounced or exaggerated

Question 11

Posner, Snyder, & Davidson (1980)

Answer 11

illustrates how deliberate, voluntary, cognitive factors are used to direct mental focusing that prepares one to encode info. (spotlight attention)

Question 12

visual search

Answer 12

the process of finding a specific target among other visual stimuli

Question 13

Treisman & Gelade

Answer 13

had subjects search for targets embedded in displays of varying numbers of distractors (non-targets)

Question 14

disjunctive rule

Answer 14

shortcut people use to choose between multiple options

Question 15

visual pop-out

Answer 15

when the visual target is easily detectable among a group of similar distractors

Question 16

conjunctive rule

Answer 16

targets are defined according to combinations of features (color and shape, or shape and size), rather than just a single feature

Question 17

Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner (2005)

Question 18

prevalence

Answer 18

the likelihood of detecting a target with a certain frequency

Question 19

Fleck & Mitroff (2007)

Answer 19

wondered if the results from the Wolfe et al. (2005) study might reflect the
influence of a speed-accuracy trade-off

Question 20

speed-accuracy trade-off

Answer 20

when people must perform a task repeatedly, they either work slowly to maximize accuracy. or they work quickly and make more frequent errors

Question 21

van Wert, Horowitz, & Wolfe. (2009)

Answer 21

they found
evidence for a target prevalence effect even when participants were
given the option to make response corrections

Question 22

Menneer, Cave, & Donnelley (2009)

Answer 22

this study did not make use of miss rates as the data
of interest. Instead, a direct measure of accuracy was employed
– percentage of target detections

Question 23

attentional blink

Answer 23

occurs when someone is unable to identify a second target that appears shortly after the 1st

Question 24

Maratos, Mogg, & Bradley (2008)

Answer 24

wondered if the duration of the so-called blink was the same

Question 25

RSVP procedure

Answer 25

rapid serial visual presentation procedure; involves presenting in series of visual images in rapid succession

Question 26

inattentional blindness

Answer 26

occurs whenever we fail to consciously see or detect something to which we are not directing our attention

Question 27

flicker paradigm

Answer 27

presenting two slightly different pictures in alternating fashion so that the visual field flickers back and forth between the two images

Question 28

Simons & Chabris (1999)

Answer 28

found that such instances of inattentional blindness occurred more frequently in the difficult counting condition - the condition that required especially well-focused attention.

Question 29

coherence

Answer 29

emphasizes the importance of a sense of coherence for health and well-being

Question 30

attentional set

Answer 30

the mental strategy that we assume when looking at the world in terms of which aspects of a scene we judge to be important and which aspects we consider irrelevant to our purposes

Question 31

change blindness

Answer 31

occurs when we fail to notice alterations in visual stimuli and is a specific type of inattentional blindness