Q2 Exam 1

Question 1

cingulum

Answer 1

hip/shoulder

Question 2

stylopod

Answer 2

femur/humerus

Question 3

zeugopod

Answer 3

tibia and fibula/ulna and radius

Question 4

what embryonic areas give rise to the limbs?

Answer 4

dermatome, hypaxial myotome, somatic component of lateral plate mesoderm

Question 5

what do hox genes determine

Answer 5

where limb buds form and what limb will develop in each location

Question 6

t-box genes

Answer 6

determine limb identity (tbx5-fore, tbx4-hind)

Question 7

AER

Answer 7

apical ectodermal ridge at the dorsoventral border of tip of bud, induces proliferation

Question 8

PZ

Answer 8

progress zone, area of proliferation just proximal to AER

Question 9

ZPA

Answer 9

zone of polarizing activity, mesenchymal cells that gives cranial/caudal identity to limb (sonic hedgehog gradient)

Question 10

horse and camelid digit reduction

Answer 10

post-patterning changes

Question 11

cattle and swine digit reduction

Answer 11

patterning changes, shifts axis of foot between digits 3 and 4

Question 12

what is the limb movement description for the fetlock joint when the horse is standing?

Answer 12

over-extension

Question 13

plantigrade

Answer 13

metacarpals on ground

Question 14

digitigrade

Answer 14

carpals on ground

Question 15

unguligrade

Answer 15

most distal digits only on ground

Question 16

periosteum

Answer 16

CT surrounding bones/ joints

Question 17

suture joints

Answer 17

joints between skull bones, very rigid

Question 18

gomphosis

Answer 18

dento-alveolar joint

Question 19

syndesmosis

Answer 19

between sacrum and os coxae, mostly rigid

Question 20

ruffini endings/ corpuscle

Answer 20

nerves that respond to stretch, register speed and direction at the joint

Question 21

golgi tendon organs

Answer 21

nerves that mediate position sense and muscle tension at the tendon

Question 22

muscle spindle fibers

Answer 22

nerves that sense muscle length and velocity locate on muscle fibers

Question 23

hip displaysia

Answer 23

muscle mass around the hip joint does not increase rapidly enough for rapid bone growth

Question 24

articularis coxae

Answer 24

small muscle that pulls hip joint capsule to the side to keep it from being pinched during movement

Question 25

caudofemoralis

Answer 25

feline specific, between tail and hip

Question 26

caudal crural abductor (tenuissimus = feline)

Answer 26

carnivorans specific, tiny in lab, under biceps femoris

Question 27

fabellae

Answer 27

sesamoid bones in proximal heads of gastrocnemius

Question 28

tendon of popliteus

Answer 28

moves stifle joint capsule so no pinching occurs during flexion

Question 29

what is different about the patellar ligament in horses?

Answer 29

there are three, an intermediate, lateral, and medial, engage during "locking" of patella

Question 30

spinal level origin of femoral nerve

Answer 30

L4-6 spinal nn.

Question 31

peroneus tertius

Answer 31

connects stifle and hock to extend simultaneously in horses and cows, bifurcates at hock

Question 32

laminitis

Answer 32

inflammatory process of the dermal lamella that eventually leads to detachment of the 3rd phalanx) often result of infrequent hoof trimming

Question 33

hyaline cartilage defining characteristics

Answer 33

isogenous groups, often perichondrium, ECM is PG and type I collagen

Question 34

elastic cartilage defining characteristics

Answer 34

isogenous groups, always perichondrium, ECM is PG, type I collagen and ELASTIC FIBERS

Question 35

fibrocartilage defining characteristics

Answer 35

no isogenous groups, no perichondrium, looks like dense CT except rounder cells, lots of type I collagen in ECM

Question 36

articular cartilage

Answer 36

type of hyaline cartilage that has no perichondrium and a smooth surface to reduce friction (dense staining surface)

Question 37

woven bone

Answer 37

immature initial form, poorly organized type I collagen, weak

Question 38

lamellar bone

Answer 38

replaces woven bone, strong and well organized type I collagen

Question 39

trabecular bone

Answer 39

spongy bone at the center of long bone, facilitates calcium ion exchange and contains wither red or yellow marrow

Question 40

osteoid

Answer 40

initial organic component synthesized by osteoblasts, calcifies with vitamin D

Question 41

canaliculi

Answer 41

bone channels in ECM that have processes of osteocytes through them

Question 42

ruffled border

Answer 42

portion of an osteoclast in direct contact with bone actively breaking down ECM and reabsorbing calcium

Question 43

parathyroid hormone effect on bone

Answer 43

promotes reabsorption of calcium into the blood by osteoclasts

Question 44

calcitonin

Answer 44

slow bone resorbing activity by osteoclasts