Q4: Sensory & Motor Mechanism

Question 1

A cell or organ, as well as the subcellular structure that detects stimuli.

Answer 1

sensory receptors

Question 2

Sensory pathway

Answer 2

1. Sensory Reception and Transduction
2. Transmission
3. Perception
4. Amplification and Adaptation

Question 3

The detection of a stimulus by sensory cells

Answer 3

sensory reception

Question 4

The conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor.

Answer 4

sensory transduction

Question 5

The change in membrane potential.

Answer 5

receptor potential

Question 6

The travelling of sensory information through the nervous system as nerve impulses, or action potentials.

Answer 6

transmission

Question 7

These are constructions formed in the brain and do not exist outside it.

Answer 7

perception

Question 8

Two types of modification after transduction of stimuli by sensory receptors

Answer 8

• amplification
• adaptation

Question 9

It refers to the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction.

Answer 9

amplification

Question 10

The decrease of responsiveness of receptors after continuous stimulation.

Answer 10

sensory adaptation

Question 11

Types of sensory receptors

Answer 11

• Mechanoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Electromagnetic Receptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Pain Receptors

Question 12

They sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

Answer 12

mechanoreceptors

Question 13

They typically consist of ion channels that are linked to structures that extend outside the cell, such as “hairs” (cilia), as well as internal cell structures, such as the cytoskeleton.

Answer 13

mecchanoreceptors

Question 14

They include both general receptors—those that transmit information about total solute concentration— and specific receptors—those that respond to individual kinds of molecules.

Answer 14

chemoreceptors

Question 15

These are receptors that detect forms of electromagnetic energy, such as light, electricity, and magnetism.

Answer 15

electromagnetic receptors

Question 16

These are receptors that detect heat and cold.

Answer 16

thermoreceptors

Question 17

These receptors detect stimuli that reflect such noxious (harmful) conditions.

Answer 17

nociceptors (pain receptors)

Question 18

Types of Sensory Processes in Humans

Answer 18

• Visual
• Auditory
• Olfactory
• Gustatory
• Tactile
• Proprioceptive
• Vestibular
• Interoceptive

Question 19

After the stimuli was processed by the brain in the sensory pathway, the brain will release a response in a form of _______________________.

Answer 19

motor output

Question 20

The product of filament movement powered by chemical energy.

Answer 20

muscle contraction

Question 21

Muscle cell contraction relies on the interaction between protein structures called _______________________.

Answer 21

thin and thick filaments

Question 22

A globular protein which is major component of thin filaments in muscles.

Answer 22

actin

Question 23

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on myoglobin)

Answer 23

• Oxidative Fibers
• Glycolytic Fibers

Question 24

Found in red meat. Has more myoglobin.

Answer 24

oxidative fibers

Question 25

Found in white meat. Has less myoglobin

Answer 25

glycolytic fibers

Question 26

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on speed of contraction)

Answer 26

* Fast Twitch Fibers * Slow Twitch Fibers

Question 27

Types of Skeletal System

Answer 27

* Hydrostatic Skeletons * Exoskeletons * Endoskeletons

Question 28

The growth and development of plants in response to light. It allows plants to optimize their use of light and space.

Answer 28

Photomorphogenesis

Question 29

The ability to use light to track time. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight.

Answer 29

Photoperiodism

Question 30

A directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light.

Answer 30

Phototropism

Question 31

It is made up of chromophore, light-absorbing pigment, and different photoreceptors, which mediates plant’s reaction to light.

Answer 31

Chromoprotein

Question 32

It acts as a biological light switch. It monitors the level, intensity, duration, and color of environmental light.

Answer 32

phytochrome system

Question 33

# **True or False** The phytochrome system is responsible for Phototropism.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

It is the growth towards a light source.

Answer 34

positive phototropism

Question 35

It is the is growth away from light.

Answer 35

negative phototropism (skototropism)

Question 36

These are protein-based receptors responsible for mediating the phototropic response.

Answer 36

phototropins

Question 37

Another class of blue-light absorbing photoreceptors that also contain a flavin-based chromophore.

Answer 37

Cryptochromes

Question 38

It ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight.

Answer 38

Gravitropism

Question 39

The growth of the shoot apical tip upward.

Answer 39

negative gravitropism

Question 40

The growth of the roots downward.

Answer 40

positive gravitropism

Question 41

These are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity.

Answer 41

Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths)

Question 42

Group of unrelated chemical substances that affect plant morphogenesis.

Answer 42

plant hormones

Question 43

Five major plant hormones

Answer 43

* Auxins * Cytokinins * Gibberellins * Ethylene * abscisic acid

Question 44

They are responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses.

Answer 44

auxins

Question 45

They stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots.

Answer 45

Cytokinins

Question 46

They inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth.

Answer 46

Gibberellins

Question 47

It speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves.

Answer 47

Ethylene

Question 48

It induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive water loss by promoting stomatal closure.

Answer 48

abscisic acid