QBANK -ALL

Question 1

MECANISM OF ACTION ANTICHOLENIRGIC AGENTS

Answer 1

INHIBITS M1 AND M3 MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS , IPATROPIUM O TIOTROPIUM , ALLEVIATES BRONCHOCONSTRICTION AND REDUCES MUCUS SECRETIOS.

Question 2

M1 AND M3 RECEPTORS

Answer 2

Gq-coupled protein receptors induce smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion. through DAG-IP-3 PATHEAY.

Question 3

INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS

Answer 3

INHIBIT THE CLEAVAGE OF PHOSPHOLIPASE 2 , PREVENTS INFLAMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE (BUDESONIDE,FLUTICASONE AND BECLOEMTHASONE)

Question 4

CHROMONES (CROMOLYN)

Answer 4

MAST CELLS STABILIZERS . PREVENT MAST CELL DEGRANULATION , INHIBITS DOWNSTREAM INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE.

Question 5

INITIAL MANAGMENT OF COPD

Answer 5

INHALED BETA 2 AGONISTS AND INHALED CORTIOSTEROIDS
-EMERGENT BRONCHODILATION DURING ACUTE COPD -> ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS

Question 6

SERM (SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR)

Answer 6

TAMOXIFEN
RALOXIFENE
CLOMPHENE

Question 7

TAMOXIFENE MECANISM OF ACTION AND SIDE EFFECTS

Answer 7

IT ACTS AS A BREAST CANCER ANTAGONIST BUT ACTS AS A BONE AND UTERUS AGONIST. IT INCREASES THE RISK OF ENDOMETRIAL HIPERPLASIA, UTERINE CANCER (SIDE EFFECTS HOT FLASHES, IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL PERIODS AND VAGINAL DISCHARGE) INCREASE RISK OF TROMBOEMBOLISM

Question 8

RALOXIFENE

Answer 8

USED IN OSTEOPOROSIS , ACTS AS AN ANTAGONIST IN BOTH BREAST AND UTERUS , AND AGONIST IN BONE .

Question 9

CLOMIPHENE

Answer 9

IS USED TO TREAT INFERTILITY, ACTS AS A ER ANTAGONIST IN THE HYPHOTHALAMUS, INCREASES THE RELEASE OF LH AND FSH FROM ANTERIOR PITUIARY GLAND TO STIMULATE OVULATION

Question 10

ERYTHROPOIETIN

Answer 10

PRODUCED BY INTERSITIAL FIBROBLASTS near the peritubular capillaries of the kidney, UNDER HIPOXIA HIF(HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR ) INCREASES GENE EXPRESSION. It mediates its effect throigh a JAK2 signaling cascade.

Question 11

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 11

autoinmmune diseased mediated by CD4+T and B lymphocyte mediated response targeting citrullinated proteins.

Question 12

POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE (PPV)

Answer 12

PPV= TP / (TP+FP)

Question 13

4 D’S IN PELLAGRA

Answer 13

DIARRHEA,DERMATITIS,DEMENTIA, DEATH (VITAMIN D3 (NIACIN) DEFICIENCY

Question 14

MARFANOID HABITUS

Answer 14

TALL STATURE,PECTUS EXCAVATUM,SCOLIOSIS

Question 15

MARFANOID HABITUS+INFERIOR ECTOPIA LENTIS

Answer 15

HOMOCYSTINURIA

Question 16

IMPROVES THE METABOLISM OF HOMOCYSTEINE

Answer 16

PYRIDOXINE

Question 17

CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS

Answer 17

CHRIORETINITIS, INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATIONS AND HYDROCEPHALUS. IT CAN CAUSE EITHER MICRO OR MACROCEPHALY, BLUEBERRY MUFFIN SKIN RASH

Question 18

PSORIASIS

Answer 18

PAINFUL,PRURITIC PAPULES AND SILVER SCALING PLAQUES. (AUSPITZ SIGN)

Question 19

PSORIASIS HISTOPHATOLOGY

Answer 19

HYPERKERATOSIS,ACANTHOSHIS,PARAKERATOSIS, ELONGATED RETE RIDGES AND NEUTROPHILS IN THE STRATUM CORNEUM .

Question 20

MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASES IS THE MOST COMMON NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN

Answer 20

FOAMY URINE AND EDEMA, SECONDARY TO HIPOALBUMINERIA AND DECREASES PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE. IT DAMAGES THE PODOCYYTE FOOT PROCESSES AND LEADS TO ALBUMINURIA

Question 21

HOW TO DIAGNOSED TINEA

Answer 21

KOH PREP

Question 22

MELANOMA TESTING

Answer 22

BIOPSY (ABCDE’S)

Question 23

RAPID PLASMA REAGIN

Answer 23

DIAGNOSE SYPHILIS.

Question 24

TREATMENT OF TINEA CORPIS

Answer 24

TERBINAFINE (AN ALLYLAMINE) WHICH INHIBITS SQUALENE EPOXIDASE,

SIDE EFFECTS: GASTROINTESTINAL UPSET, HEADACHE, HEPATOTOXITICY,DISGEUSIA

Question 25

elevated maternal β-hCG levels and decreased PAPP-A levels.

Answer 25

first semester- DOWN SYNDROME . fetal ultrasound imaging: shows increased nuchal translucency (i.e., thickened, fluid-filled space along the posterior neck) and a hypoplastic nasal bone.

Question 26

urticaria

Answer 26

type I hypersensitivity, IgE mast cell degranulation raised, pruritic, erythematous plaques

Question 27

ASTHMA

Answer 27

TH2 LYMPHOCYTES, Th2 cells release IL-4 and IL-5. IL-4 promotes antibody class-switching from IgM to IgE, IL-5 promotes eosinophil development and recruitment, and IL-13 promotes IgE production. Eosinophils promote epithelial remodeling, smooth muscle hyperplasia, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Question 28

DRUGS INDUCE SISTEMIC LUPUS ERITEMATOSUS

Answer 28

HIDRALAZINE (RELAXES ARTERIOLAR SMOOTH MUSCLE) PROCAINAMIDE ISONIAZID -ANTI HISTONE ANTIBODIES POSITIVE -arthralgias, constitutional symptoms (e.g., fever, weight loss), malar rash, and photosensitivity

Question 29

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (e.g., spironolactone) SIDE EFECCTS

Answer 29

GINECOMASTIA, LOST OF LIBIDO, HYPERKALEMIA

Question 30

LOOP DIURETICS SIDE EFFECTS

Answer 30

electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia), dehydration, hypotension, interstitial nephritis, and ototoxicity.

Question 31

BETA BLOCKERS SIDE EFFECTS

Answer 31

bradycardia, hypotension, and dizziness.