Untitled Deck Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm.
A
clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Individuals may present with the classic triad of hematuria, flank pain, and a palpable abdominal mass.
2
Q
overflow incontinence
A
results from one of two mechanisms, detrusor hypoactivity or bladder outlet obstruction.
3
Q
overflow incontinence caused by detrusor hypoactivity
A
advanced age, damage to the muscle, decreased estrogen, and nerve damage. (diabetic neuropathy)
4
Q
bladder outlet obstruction
A
tumor, uterine fibroids, urethral strictures, or pelvic organ prolapse
5
Q
pacients with diabetes who presents with urinary incontinecne
A
they can also present with gastroparesis, postural hypotension, and bladder dysfunction due to an autonomic neuropathy
6
Q
Ghon complex (
A
mid to lower lung granulomatous lesion in the presence of ipsilateral hilar lymphadenopathy), indicating likely primary tuberculosis (TB)
7
Q
primary tuberculosis
A
mycobacterium tuberculosis, nonspecific syntomps , traveled abroad (africa and asia) , ghon complex on RX ( IPSILATERAL HILAR LYMPHADENOPATHY)
8
Q
SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS
A
REACTIVATION OF BACTERIA, CALCIFICACIONS OF PREVIOUS RX FINDINS FORMING RANKE COMPLEX
9
Q
multiple granulomatous lung lesions and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy.
A
SARCOIDOSIS
10
Q
ANION GAP FORMULA
A
Na- HCO3-C. > 12 IS ELEVATED
11
Q
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
A
MOST COMMON COMPLICACION OF TYPE 1 DM . SYNTOMPS: NAUSEA,VOMITING, ABDOMINAL PAIN , POLYDIPSIA, POLIURIA, AMS .
CAN CAUSE HYPOKALEMIA AND HYPONATREMIA (U WAVES IN ECG)
12
Q
anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity
(doxorubicin, daunorubicin).
A
shortness of breath, orthopnea (i.e., increased number of pillows), lower extremity edema, S3 heart sound, and hepatojugular reflux (i.e., distension of the right jugular vein).
13
Q
anthracyclines are typically co-administered with t
A
dexrazosane
14
Q
anthracyclines cardiotoxicity
A
free radical production
inhibits Topoisomeraase II - causing ROS
15
Q
The two main causes of emphysema
A
long term cigarrete use- and Alfa 1 antitripsin deficit
16
Q
emphysema in smokers
A
imbalance in proteasas and antiproteases, affects the upper lobe causing a centriacinar emphysema
17
Q
emphysema with A1TPD
A
Affects all lung lobes, causing a panacinar emphysema
18
Q
ventricular septal defect
A
harsh holosystolic murmur heard loudest at the left lower sternal border
19
Q
atrial septal defect
A
wide, fixed splitting of the S2 heart sound due to increased right ventricular preload.
20
Q
Tetrallogy of Fallot
A
Pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding ahorta, right ventricular hypertrofy
-tet spells
-cyanosis
21
Q
Patent ductus arteriouss
A
Machine like murmur, continuos loud murmur heard at the left infraclavicular region maximun intesity at S2, left to right shunt , ACYANOTIC,
22
Q
nephrytic syndrome
A
Red blood cells in urine, decrease complement
periorbital edema, hypertension, and pedal edema,
On urinalysis, proteinuria (< 3.5 g/day) and RBC casts are classically seen.
Light microscopy displays inflammatory changes and hypercellularity.
23
Q
postestreptococal glomerulonefritis
A
type III hypersensitivity
C3 complement levels are typically decreased, while C4 levels are grossly unaffected.
24
Q
Mesangial proliferation
A
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) types I and II.
25
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
nephrotic syndrome seen classically in patients with HIV, severe obesity, or intravenous drug use.
26
Crescent shapes
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), associated with vasculitis, Goodpasture syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
27
FENILEFRINA
α1 adrenergic receptor agonist that can be used to treat nasal congestion.
28
Diphenhydramine
for allergies, acts primarily on H1 receptors but can also act on cholinergic, α-adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. The most common adverse effect of diphenhydramine is sedation; however, it can also cause orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, dry mouth, CNS depression, dizziness, and delirium.
29
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis with a cloudy appearance, elevated opening pressure, decreased glucose, increased total protein, and predominance of neutrophils
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
30
H pylori
alkalinises mucosa by secreting urea and ammonia
releases cytoxocin cAG
31
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults.
32
Streptococcus pneumoniae
gram-positive, optochin-sensitive, encapsulated, lancet-shaped diplococcus.
33
CHAGAS DISEASE
CAUSED BY TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
ENDÉMICA IN RURAL LATÍN AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA.
REDUVIRIDAE FAMILY
34
PHASES OF CHAGAS DISEASE
ACUTE PHASE 8-12 WEEKS: LYMPHADENOPATHY , CONJUTIVITIS AND EDEMA )ROMANA SIGN)FEVER, HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY. )TRYPOMASTIGOTE
-INTERMEDIATE PHASEÑ UP TO 30 YEARS: ASYNTOMATIC WITH POSITIVE SEROLOGY. (AMASTIGOTE)
-CHRONIC: DILATED CARDIOMIOPATY , MEGACOLON, MEGAESOFAGUS, ARRYTHMIAS, VENTRICULAR ANEURISMS. (AMASTIGOTE)
35
SODIUM NITROPURSSIATE TOXICITY
HIDROXICOBALAMINE
36
Omalizumab
Inhibits IgE from bingind to high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells
37
Murcomicosis HISTOPATHOLOGY
NONSEPTATE HYPAHE WITH WIDE’ANGLE BRANCHING
38
MURCOMICOSIS PRESENTATION AND WHO MOSTLY AFFECTS
OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGAL INFECTION ACQUIRED VÍA THE INHALATION OF SPPORES, AFFECTS INMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUALS
-MANIFESTATIONS: FACIAL PAIN, HEADACHE, FORMATION OF BLACK NECROTIC SCARS WITHIN THE NASAL CAVITY.
39
MUCORMYCOIS COMPLICATIONS
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
40
MANAGMENT OF MUCORMYCOSIS
EMERGENT SURGICAL DEBRRIDEMENT¡ AMPHOTERICIN B
‘’SECOND LINE: ISAVUCONAZOLE
41
Alkaptonuria
autosomal recessive disorder caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid. This is due to a deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate-1,2-dioxygenase, which converts homogentisic acid to maleylacetoacetate during tyrosine metabolism.
42
ALKAPTONURIA MANIFESTATIONS
blue-gray scleral pigmentation, joint pain and effusions, limited spinal mobility, valvular heart disease, and black discoloration of urine. blue-gray scleral pigmentation, joint pain and effusions, limited spinal mobility, valvular heart disease, and black discoloration of urine.
43
VON HIPEPEL LINDAU U SD
DELETION ON THE VHL GENE ON CROMOSOME 3, TUMOR SUPRESOR GENE , INHIBITS HYPOXIA’INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALFA
44
IF VHP SUPRESOR GENE IS DELETED WHAT CAN CAUSE
IT CAN CAUSE PHEOCROMOCITOMAS, RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, CYSTS,HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS, DUE TO FORMATION OF BLOOD VESSELS IN STATES OF DECREASED TISSUE OXIGENATION
45
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA PARANEOPLASIC SD
‘’PEAR’’ , PTH, ERITROPOYETIN,ACTH,RENIN
46
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA HISTOLOGY
POLIGONAL CELLS WITH CLEAR CYTOPLASM, HIGH CONTENT OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIS (GOLDEN-YELLOW COLOR)
47
Treatment for enterobius vermicularis and mechanism of acción
Albandazole , binds to parasit tubulin molecules thereby preventing polymerization and assembly into microtubules.
48
49
50
Acyclovir adverse effect
crystalline nephropathy , due to dehydration, can cause AKI if not adecuate hydration
51
guanosine analogs
acyclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir , use for HZV, VZV because they have thymidine kinase to fosforilate the drug and therefore cause chain termination
52
TRIAD :arthralgias, abdominal pain, palpable purpura on the buttocks and legs, and hematuria.
IgA vasculitis, can progress to end stage renal disease, high risk of intusseption
53
IgA vasculitis
IgA-mediated small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis,
-Light microscopy: Mesangial proliferation
-Inmunofluoresence : IgA complex depositions on messangium
- Type III hypersensitivity
54
OPG (osteoprotegerin, a RANKL decoy
receptor) binds RANKL to prevent RANK-RANKL interaction
low osteoclast activity
55
ataxia teleangectasia triad
first decade of life with a triad of cerebellar ataxia, conjunctival or dermatologic telangiectasias, and immunoglobulin deficiency (e.g., IgA, IgE, and IgG). Due to this immunodeficiency, patients often develop recurrent sinopulmonary infections
56
ataxia teleangectasia
Autosomal recessive due to a mutation in the ATM gene
major defective DNA repair mechanisms in ataxia telangiectasia: Non-homologous end-joining
57
Staphylococcus epidermidis,
coagulase-negative, novobiocin-susceptible, gram-positive cocci in clusters
-cause of valve replacement infections
58
coagulase-negative STAPHES
STHAP EPIDERMITIS Y SAPROFITICUS,
TO DIFFERENCIATE THEM , EPIDERMITIS IS NOVOBICIN SENSITIVE
59
S AUREUS
COAGULASE POSITIVE,catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci ,grown in clusters;
60
Epithelial ovarian tumors marker
CA 125
61
atypical pneumonia
caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae, diffused reticulonodular patchy infiltrates , not severe symptoms, common in <30 years, military recruits, prisoners, and college students living in close-quarter housing arrangements
headache, fatigue, nonproductive cough, and a macular rash that spares the palms and soles
62
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
it doesnt have a cell wall, therefore it needs to grow in chrolesterol to stain in Eaton agar,only bacteria that contain sterols within its cell membrane.
63
T-lymphocyte acute lymphoblastic leukemia
adolescents, presents w mediastinal mass, SVC syndrome,
Markers: TdT , CD3,
64
most common cause of febrile encephalopathy
HERPES VIRUS
65
Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis (HSVE) i
characterized by fever, headaches, seizures, altered mental status, and/or focal neurologic deficits due to inflammation in the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and insular cortex.
PCR
66
contralateral paresis, loss of sensation, and urinary incontinence
stroke of anterior cerebral artery
67
pelvic inflamatory disease microorganisms
neisseria gonorrea and clamidia tracomatis
ATB: Cefoxitin + doxycycline
68
testicular torsion
PREGHN SIGN - , GONADAL ARTERY BRANCH OF THE AORTA
69
miastenia gravis dg and first line treatment
EPHEDRONIUM TEST POSITIVE (AcHE inhibitor) , pyridostigmine
70
Lamber eaton sd treatment
amifampiridine and treat underlying cause
associated with small cell lung cancer
71
MIASTENIA GRAVIS VS LAMBER EATON
MG: DIPLOPIA, PTOSIS, WEAKNESS WORSENS THROUGH THE DAY , NORMAL REFLEXES
LE: AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, PROXIMAL LIMB WEAKNESS, REDUCED REFLEXES,WEAKNESS IMPROVES W MOVEMENT
72
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
antistreptolisin, anti DNase B elevated, decreased complement.
Electron microscopy classically shows the presence of "humps," which are subepithelial immune complexes
73
antibody isotypes is the most effective at complement activation?
IgM
74
complement activation
C1 binds to fc portion of IgG or IgM, IgM is more effective bc it travels as a pentamer
75
Where is complement produced?
LIVER
76
first-line pharmacologic agents for atention deficit-hiperactivity
stimulants that acts as receptors of CNS (epine,norepinefr)
SIDE EFFECT: ANOREXIA
77
first line treatment for scabies
permecthin
dg> intensely pruritic, typically worse at night, small erythematous papules located on the medial fingers, wrists, palms and soles, flexural surfaces, and interdigital areas.
78
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
NER GENE (NUCLEOTID ECISITON REPAIR)
extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure
AUTOSOMAL RECCESIVE
conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and eye/eyelid cancers with vision loss.
79
adverse effect of azathioprine,
bone marrow toxicity
80
CMV ESOPHAGITIS
LINEAR SHALLOW ULCERATIONS, .
GANCICLOVIR IS THE TREATMENT
:interfere with viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase,GUANOSINE ANALOG
81
H pylori
82
persistent symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease.
famotidine h2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitors (e.g., pantoprazole)
83
empaglifozin
sglt2 inhibitors, ACTIVE TRANSPORT , block the active reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, which leads to increased glucose excretion in the urine and, consequently, lower blood glucose levels.
84
gerstmann syndrome
affects the dominan PARIETAL LOBE
85
86
87
Complication of hypertiroidisim
Atrial fibrilation and high output Hear failure
88
First Line treatment for active seizure and mechanism of action
Benzodiazepines (lorazepam,diazepam) bind to and allosterically modulation the GABA-Areceptor complex , this increases the frequency of CL channel opening, as a result hyperpolarization
89
status epilepticus conditions and management
A seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes
OR
The occurrence of two or more seizures without full recovery of consciousness between seizures.
Treatment: phenytoin (long action) blocks voltage gated sodium channels
90
91
Which of the following embryological layers gives rise to the thyroid?
Endodermis , between the first and second pharyngeal pouches near the base of the tongue
92
Acute tubular necrosis urianalisis
Muddy brown casts
93
Cystic fibrosis type of mutation
Autosomal recessive mutation CFTR gene on ch7/pHE508DEL
94
Epstein Barr Virus
Must Be 21 to drink Beer in a Barr
Infects B cells through CD21
-Atypical lymphocytes on peripheral blood smear
+monospot test,
95
Stimulation of gastric acid production from parietal cells
Acetylcholine (m3 receptor), gastrine (CCKb receptor), histamine (h2 receptor)
96
Omeprazole and esomeprazole drug interaction
Inhibits cyp2c19 —-> cyp2c19 metabolizes clopidogrel into active form
97
Adverse effects of Proton pumps inhibitors
High risk of pneumonia , low absorption of iron, ca, magnesium therefore high risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures
-High risk of C. Difficcile associated diarrhea
98
Anterior pituitary
FLAT PIG
99
Zollinger Ellison syndrome
Neuroendocrine tumor, associated with MEN 1 (PTH,PITUITARY,PANCREAS)
-HIGH LEVELS OF GASTRIN—>GASTRIC , DUODENAL AND JEJUNAL ULCERS
100
101
What is the only statin that doesn’t interact with cpy450
Pravastatin bc its metabolized via hepatic glucoronidation reactions
102
Osteocondroma x-rays findings
Pendunculated growth on metafisis,
103
Echondroma x rays findings
Well defined lession typically in hands, medullary portion of bone
104
First lien treatment for fibromyalgia
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptae=ke inhibitors , ex: duloxetine or milnacipran. Pregabalin,antidepressants tryciclic
105
Causal agent of bulbous impetigo
Staph aureus, localized in groin, axilla,neck.
106
Bulbous impetigo fisiopatology
Production of exfoliative toxins A and B that degrade desmoglein 1 in epidermal cellular junctions, causing disruption of keratinocyte attachments, and loss of cell adhesion leading to blister formation
107
Inhaled anestesics Blood-gas partition and MAC
-Blood gas partition: speed of onset, the lower coefficient the faster action
-Mac: the lower the MAC the more potency has de annestesic
108
Mechanism of action of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Inhibit the serotonin (5HT) transporter, longer postsynaptic 5HT receptor stimulation.
109
Burkitt Lymphoma mutation on which gene
Translocation t (8:14) ->c-myc, heavy chain Ig (c14) —->overexpression of c-Mac
It’s a B cell lymphoma
Associated with Epstein Barr V.
‘’STAR SKY ON HISTOPATHOLOGY’’
110
111
BURKITT LYMPHOMA HISTOPATHOLOGY
diffuse monomorphic lymphocytes with round nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and vacuolated basophilic cytoplasm with a high proliferation index
112
FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT, MUTATION ON APC GENE (TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE) 5q22
113
Hypospadias
Urethral opening along the ventral aspect of the penile shaft.
Can be seen in 5 Alfa reductase deficiency
114
Epispadias
Faulty posititioning of the genital tuberculosis—> urethra opens DORSAL
115
Patients with hypospadias are at high risk of
Inguinal hernias and cryptoschidism
116
4 D’S OF PELLAGRA
DIARRHEA,DERMATITIS,DEMENTIA,DEATH
117
PELLAGRA IS DUE TO DEFICIT IN WHICH VITAMINA
VITAMINA B3 NIACIN
118
METOCLOPRAMIDE MECHANISM OF ACTION
D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, 5HT4 RECEPTOR AGONIST
119
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF METOCLOPRAMIDE
D2 receptor blockade: extrapiramidal symptoms: Parkinsonism, tardive diskinesia,restlessness,drowsiness,fatigue,depression
-Tubuloinfundibular pathway: prolactinemia,ginecomastia,galactorrea,amenorrhea,impotence
120
Actinic keratosis
Several erythema tours,tender,scaling lesions resistant to hydrating lotions
121
Actinic keratosis
Proliferations of atypical epidermal keratinocytes, high risk sun exposure,male, age greater than 50
122
Management of multiple myeloma
Carfilzomib and bortezomib , proteasome inhibitors ,induce cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, leading to apoptosis, inhibit the degradation of ubiquitinated proapoptotic proteins.
123
Side effects of proteasome inhibitors
Peripheral neuropathy,hepatotoxicity,thrombocytopenia,neutropenia, high risk of herpes zoster.
124
multiple myeloma presentation
hypercalcemia, anemia, elevated BUN, and red blood cell rouleaux formation on peripheral blood smear
125
Multiple myeloma
CRAB criteria: Calcium elevation , Renal impairment, Anemia, lyric Bone lesions
126
Interstitial pneumonia associated with birds
Psittacosis, (parrots) , Caused by chlamidia psittaci , it has a cell wall without muramic acid , ATB that target the cell wall are ineffective
127
X linked recessive disorders
Hemophilia A +B , G6PD, aND dUCHENNE , Fabry disease, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and many others.
128
Theophylline toxicity
Increased risk w caffeine, causes cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity (seizures) , bc of its binding to adenosine receptors.
129
Trisomy 21 is associated with
Hirschprung disease and is caused by meiotic nondisjuction .
Hirschprung d. is caused by the failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the distal segment of the colon during fetal development leading to functional obstruction
130
131
Drugs associated with high risk of cognitive impairment in elderly pts
Anticholinergic, antihistamines
132
Valvular findings in Infective endocarditis
Warty vegetations
133
Holosistolic murmur best heard at the apex of the heart
Mitral regurgitation
134
Pellagra is associated with deficit of which vitamin
Vitamin b3 niacin
135
136
137
Osteitis deformans or Paget disease pathofisiology
Increased RANK-RANKL interaction → increased NF-κB activation → increased disorganized osteoblast and osteoclast activity → "woven bone" formation
138
Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be seen in a patient with osteitis deformans?
Increased serum alkaline phosphatase
139
COMPLICATIONS OF OSTEITIS DEFORMANS
HIGH OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE (SHUNT) ANDOSTEOSARCOMA
140
BACTERIA INVOLVED IN ACNE VULGARIS
PROPIONIBACTERIUM/CCUTIBACTERIUM ACNES
141
MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INCREASED RELASE OF CYTOKINES->PODOCYTE EFFACEMENT ->LOSS OF (-) CHARGE BARRIER
NORMAL GLOMERULI ON LIGHT MICROSCOPY
PODOCYTE EFFACEMENT ON ELECTRIC MICROSCOPY
——-SELECTIVE PROTEINURIA
142
Bernard Soulier Sd vs VWD
DEFICIENT GPIB REPECTORRS,
VWD : DEFICIENT OR AUSENT VWF
143
ANTIPSYCHOTIC MED RELATED TO INDUCE NEUTROPENIA
CLOZAPINA, SECOND GENERATION ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC
144
URIC ACID STONES
RadiolUcent on X-ray (can’t see them)
145
Anti diabetic med that causes fluid retention,weight gain and edema
Thiazolidinediones
146
Absent thymic shadow on Rx , pathologies associated with
Di George, SCID
147
What is ebstein anomaly and what is associated with
Displacement of the tricuspid valve to de right ventricle, associated with High LITHIUM consumption
148
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Characterized by holoprosencephaly (microcephaly, epicanthal folds, cleft lip, fused cerebral hemispheres, and a single ventricle )
Mutation in the SHH , which encodes Sonic hedgegog protein
149
150
ANTIBODIES THAT WILL BE POSITIVE IN DM1
ISLET CELL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES
151
WHICH DRUG IS ASOCCIATED W FOLATED DEFICIENCY
PHENITOIN,
FOLATE CONVERTS HOMOCYSTEINE TO METHIONINE VIA METHIONINE SINTASA
152
FOLATE DEFICIENCY CAN LEAD TO
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
IN FETUS: NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
153
154
Terbinafine what’s used for and mechanism of action
Used as the first line treatment of Tinea corporis, it inhibits squalene epoxidase
155
Malignant hyperthermia is associated with:
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic (lactic) acidosis
Hyperthermia
Myonecrosis
Rhabdomyolysis (elevated CK)
-It’s caused by a mutation on the RyR1 gene (ryanodine receptor overactivated)
156
Krukenberg tumor
diffuse-type gastric carcinoma that has metastasized to the ovary, most commonly present with unintentional weight loss, epigastric pain, and bilateral adnexal masses.
157
158
Craniopharyngiomas arise from
Rathke’s pouch
When doing surgical resection there could be lession to the olfatory nerve->cribiform plate.
Anosmia and ageusia
159
Transient aplastic crisis is caused by
Parvovirus b19
Giant pronormoblasts with intranuclear viral inclusions can be seen.
160
161
Heinz bodies
G6pd
162
Howell jolly bodies
Sickle cell anemia
163
Encasulapted bacteria’s
S. pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and Salmonella.
164
165
Cox 1 and cox 2 functions
COX 1: TROMBOXANO A2, PROMOTES PLATELET AGREGATION AND VASOCONSTRICTION, ITS A PROTECTOR OF GASTRIC MUCOSA
COX 2: PROSTAGLANDIS , INHIBITS PLATELET AGREGATION CAUSES VASODILATION
166
Cyclophosphamide adverse effects and how to prevent them
Hemorrhagic cystitis,bladder carcinoma, SIADH
Prevent with MESNA, IVF, BLADDER IRRIGATE
167
MABS METABOLISM
AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION THEY GET METABOLIZED BY CATABOLIC PROTEOLISIS IN THE LIVER AND RETICULOENDOTELIAL SYSTEM, INTO AMINOACIDS AND SMALL PEPTIDES.
168
Calcium stones
Oxalate: hypocictraturia,hypercalciuria,hyperoxaliuria -> urine crystal: dumbbell,envelope
Fosfate: high ph (alkaline) -> urine crystal: wedge shape
169
Retinoblastoma
Increased E2F transcription factor activity.
170
Rotavirus type of virus
Double stranded segmented RNA virus
171
172
173
174
What are the two only organisms that grow in 6.5% NACL
S.AUREURS AND ENTEROCOCCUS E
175
TWO ORGANISMS THAT ARE PYR POSITIVE
S AGALACTIE AND ENTEROCOCCUS
176
Babesiosis is co-transmitted with
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Transmitted by ixodes scapular is
177
Drugs that cause pulmonary fibrosis
Bleomycin, amiodarone,methotrexate,busulfan.
178
Patients with HIV before starting antiretroviral therapy should go on screening for
HLA B 5701
179
DISC SHAPPED YEASTS WITH METHAMINE SILVER
PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII
180
PLUMMER VINNSON SD
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, DISFAGIA, ESOPHAGEAL WEBS , GLOSSITIS CHEILITIS
181
(
182
VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE
MUTATION IN VWF GENE, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT EXCEPT FOR TYPE 3, ABSENCE OF VWF , HIGH BLEEDING TIME , NORMAL PT, HIGHT ppt , LOW FACTOR 8 ,
TREAT WITH DESMOPRESSIN OR REPLACEMENT
RISTOCETIN TEST NEGATIVE UNLESS ADDED W NORMAL PLASMA
183
VWF LABS
NORMAL PT , ELEVATED PTT, ELEVATED BLEEDING TIME
184
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
PERSISTEN CONECTION BETWEEN DESCENDING AORTA AND PULMONARY ARTERY
