Quadratic Equations Flashcards by John Patrick DelaCruz

Example: Which of the following are quadratic equations?

a) x2 – 2x + 1 = 0

b) x2 = 9

c) x + 2 = -2

Solution: The equations in letters a and b are quadratic equations since the highest exponent of their x (or variable) is 2. On the other hand, c is not a quadratic equation since the highest exponent of its x (or variable) is 1, making it a linear equation.

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What is the Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation

The standard The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0

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Example: Determine the values of a, b, and c (the real number parts) in 2x2 + 4x – 1 = 0

Solution: Since the 2x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 is already in standard form, then the values of a, b, and c are easy to determine:

a = 2 (the numerical coefficient of 2x2)
b = 4 (the numerical coefficient of 4x)
c = -1 (the constant term is -1)
The a, b, and c of a quadratic equation can be determined only once we have expressed it in standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0. If a quadratic equation is not yet in the standard form, we cannot immediately tell the values of a, b, and c.

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What are the Different Forms of Quadratic Equation

ax2 = c or ax2 + c = 0 Form.

(x + a)(x + b) Form or the Factored Form.

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Example: Which of the following are quadratic equations?

a) (x + 2)(x – 1) = 0

b) x2 + x3 = -9

c) 2x2 + 3x = -1

d) x2 = 1

Solution:

Equation a is a quadratic equation in factored form.
Equation b is NOT a quadratic equation since the highest exponent of its variable is 3.
Equation c is a quadratic equation but not yet in standard form. We can transpose -1 to the left side so that it will be in standard form.
Equation d is a quadratic equation in ax2 = c form.
Thus, equations a, c, and d are all quadratic equations.

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Here are the steps to solve quadratic equations by extracting the square root:

Isolate the square variable (x2) from other quantities. This means that x2 must be the only quantity on the left-hand side and other quantities must be on the right-hand side.

Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

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Example 1: Solve for x in x2 = 9

Solution:

Step 1: Isolate the square variable (x2) from other quantities.

x2 is the only quantity on the left-hand side of x2 = 9. This means that x2 is already isolated from other quantities. Thus, we can skip this step.

Step 2: Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

We get the square root of both sides of the equation.

quadratic equations 6
Notes:

If we get the square root of x2, the result will be x.
There are two square roots of a number: a positive root and a negative root, the reason why we put the sign ± when we take the square root of a number.
Thus, the answers are x1 = 3 and x2 = -3

The solutions of a quadratic equation are also called the roots of a quadratic equation. Thus, when we say the roots of x2 = 9, we are referring to the solution of x2 = 9.

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Example 2: What are the roots of 2x2 = 8?

Solution:

Step 1: Isolate the square variable (x2) from other quantities.

To remove the numerical coefficient and make x2 the only quantity on the left-hand side of the equation, we can divide both sides of the equation by 2.

2x2⁄2 = 8⁄2

x2 = 4

Step 2: Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

x2 = 4

√x2 = √4

x = ±2

Thus, the roots of the equation are x1 = 2 and x2 = – 2

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Example 3: What are the roots of x2 + 4 = 20?

Solution:

Although the given equation seems to be not in the ax2 = 0 or ax2 + c = 0 form, we can manipulate the equation so that we can solve it by extracting the square root.

Step 1: Isolate the square variable (x2) from other quantities.

To isolate x2 from other quantities, we can transpose 4 to the right-hand side of the equation:

x2 + 4 = 20

x2 = – 4 + 20

x2 = 16

Step 2: Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

x2 = 16

√x2 = √16

x = ±4

Thus, the roots of the equation are x1 = 4 and x2 = – 4

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Example 4: Solve for the roots of 2x2 – 6 = 0

Solution:

Step 1: Isolate the square variable (x2) from other quantities.

To isolate x2 from other quantities, we can transpose -6 to the right-hand side of the equation:

2x2 – 6 = 0

2x2 = 6

2x2⁄2 = 6⁄2

x2 = 3

Step 2: Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

x2 = 3

√x2 = √3

x = ± √3

√3 is not a perfect square number (there’s no integer multiplied to itself will give 3). Thus, we just write it as √3.

Thus, the roots of the equation are x1 = √3 and x2 = – √3

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Example 5: Solve for x in x2 – 19 = 6

Solution:

x2 – 19 = 6

x2 = 19 + 6 Transposition Method

x2 = 25

√x2 = √25 Taking the square root of both sides

x = ±5

The values of x are 5 and -5

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Example 6: Solve for x in (x + 4)’2 = 9

Solution:

Note that it is much easier if we start extracting the square root of both sides first so that the resulting equation is just a linear equation:

(x + 4)’2 = 9

√(x + 4)2 = √9 Taking the square root of both sides

x + 4 = ±3

Since we have two square roots for 9, we are going to have to solve two linear equations:

Equation 1: x + 4 = 3
Equation 2: x + 4 = -3
Solving for Equation 1 first:

x + 4 = 3

x = – 4 + 3 Transposition Method

x = – 1

Thus, the first root is -1

Solving for Equation 2:

x + 4 = – 3

x = – 4 + (-3)

x = – 7

Thus, the second root is -7

Therefore, the roots of the quadratic equation are – 1 and – 7.

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To solve quadratic equations by factoring, follow these steps:

Express the given equation in standard form. This means that one side of the quadratic equation must be 0.

Factor the expression. You must come up with two factors after factoring.

Equate each factor to zero and solve each resulting equation.

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Example 1: Solve for the roots of x2 + 5x + 4 = 0 by factoring.

Solution:

Step 1: Express the given equation in standard form. The given equation is already in standard form since it is in ax2 + bx + c = 0 form and one of the sides of the quadratic equation is already 0. Hence, we can skip this step.

Step 2: Factor the expression. To factor x2 + 5x + 4, follow the steps on factoring quadratic trinomials.

x2 + 5x + 4 = 0

(x + 4)(x + 1) = 0 by Factoring

As shown above, we can come up with two factors which are x + 4 and x + 1.

Step 3: Equate each factor to zero and solve each resulting equation. We have obtained x + 4 and x + 1 as factors of x2 + 5x + 4. We set both of these factors to zero. This means that we are going to have two linear equations.

Equation 1: x + 4 = 0
Equation 2: x + 1 = 0
Solving the equations above

Equation 1: Equation 2:

x + 4 = 0 x + 1 = 0

x = – 4 x = – 1

Thus, the roots of the equation are x1 = – 4 and x2 = – 1.

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Example 2: Solve for the values of x in x2 – 7x = – 10

Solution:

Step 1: Express the given equation in standard form. To express x2 – 7x = – 10, we have to transpose – 10 to the left-hand side so that the right-hand side will be 0:

x2 – 7x = – 10

x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 Transposition Method

Step 2: Factor the expression. Factoring x2 – 7x + 10 will give us (x – 5)(x – 2)

x2 – 7x + 10 = 0

(x – 5)(x – 2) = 0 by factoring

Step 3: Equate each factor to zero and solve each resulting equation. We have obtained x – 5 and x – 2 as the factors of x2 – 7x + 10. We set both of these factors to zero. This means that we are going to have two linear equations.

Equation 1: x – 5 = 0
Equation 2: x – 2 = 0
Solving the equations above

Equation 1: Equation 2:

x – 5 = 0 x – 2 = 0

x = 5 x = 2

Thus, the roots of the equation are x1 = 5 and x2 = 2.

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Example 3: Solve for the roots of 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 by factoring.

Solution:

Step 1: Express the given equation in standard form. Since 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 is already in ax2 + bx + c = 0 form and one of its side is already 0, we can skip this step.

Step 2: Factor the expression. You must come up with two factors after factoring. Factoring 2x2 + 3x – 2 will give us (2x – 1)(x + 2):

2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0

(2x – 1)(x + 2) = 0 by factoring

Step 3: Equate each factor to zero and solve each resulting equation. We have obtained 2x – 1 and x + 2 as the factors of 2x2 + 3x – 2. We set both of these factors to zero. This means that we are going to have two linear equations.

Equation 1: 2x – 1 = 0
Equation 2: x + 2 = 0
Solving the equations above

Equation 1: Equation 2:

2x – 1 = 0 x + 2 = 0

2x = 1 x = – 2

To cancel the numerical coefficient in Equation 1, we divide both of its sides by 2:

2x⁄2 = ½

x = ½

Thus, the roots of the equation are x1 = ½ and x2 = -2.

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To solve quadratic equations by completing the square, follow these steps:

Put the terms with variable x on the left-hand side of the equation while the constant term on the right-hand side.

Divide both sides of the equation by a (or the coefficient of the quadratic term).

Divide the b (or the coefficient of the linear term) by 2 and square the result. Add the result to both sides of the equation.

Factor the left-hand side of the equation. Express the factors as a square of a binomial.

Take the square root of both sides of the equation.
Solve the resulting linear equations.

Example 1: Solve for the roots of x2 + 8x – 10 = 0

Solution:

A closer look will reveal that x2 + 8x – 10 is non-factorable since there are no two integers whose product is – 10 and have a sum of 8. For this reason, we are going to solve x2 + 8x – 10 = 0 by completing the square.

Step 1: Put the terms with variable x on the left-hand side of the equation while the constant term on the right-hand side. In this case, transpose – 10 (i.e., the constant) to the right-hand side of the equation while all terms with x stay on the left-hand side.

x2 + 8x – 10 = 0

x2 + 8x = 10 Transposition Method

Step 2: Divide both sides of the equation by a (or the coefficient of the quadratic term). The a in x2 + 8x = 10 is the coefficient of x2. The coefficient of x2 is 1. If we divide x2 + 8x = 10 by 1, the result will still be x2 + 8x = 10.

Thus, we can skip this step.

Step 3: Divide the b (or the coefficient of the linear term) by 2 and square the result. Add the result to both sides of the equation. The b of x2 + 8x = 10 is the coefficient of 8x which is 8. Thus, b = 8.

Divide 8 by 2 (8 ÷ 2 = 4)

Square the result (42 = 16)

The number we obtain is 16.

We add 16 to both sides of x2 + 8x = 10:

x2 + 8x = 10

x2 + 8x + 16 = 10 + 16 Adding 16 to both sides of the equation.

x2 + 8x + 16 = 26

We have obtained the equation x2 + 8x + 16 = 26. After you apply this step, you will obtain a perfect square trinomial (i.e., x2 + 8x + 16). As we have learned from a previous chapter, perfect square trinomials can be factored.

Step 4: Factor the left-hand side of the equation. Express the factors as a square of a binomial. The left-hand side of x2 + 8x + 16 = 26 is x2 + 8x + 16. This can be factored as (x + 4)(x + 4). We express (x + 4)(x + 4) as (x + 4)2

To summarize:

x2 + 8x + 16 = 26

(x + 4)(x + 4) = 26 by factoring

(x + 4)2 = 26 Expressing as a square of a binomial

Step 5: Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

Let us take the square root of both sides of the equation we have obtained from the previous step:

(x + 4)2 = 26

√(x + 4)2 = √26 Taking the square root of both sides

x + 4 = ±√26

Since 26 have two square roots (i.e., a positive and a negative square root), we have two linear equations:

Equation 1: x + 4 = √26
Equation 2: x + 4 = -√26
Step 6: Solve the resulting linear equations.

Solving each linear equation:

Equation 1: Equation 2:

x + 4 = √26 x + 4 = -√26

x = – 4 + √26 x = – 4 -√26

Therefore, the roots of the equation x2 + 8x – 10 = 0 are x1 = – 4 + √26 and x2 = – 4 –√26

Example 2: Solve for the roots of 2x2 + 12x + 14 = 0

Solution:

Since 2x2 + 12x + 14 = 0 is not factorable, let us solve this quadratic equation by completing the square.

Step 1: Put the terms with variable x on the left-hand side of the equation while the constant term on the right-hand side. By transposing 14 (i.e., the constant) to the right-hand side of the equation, all terms with x will remain on the left-hand side.

2x2 + 12x + 14 = 0

2x2 + 12x = – 14 Transposition Method

Step 2: Divide both sides of the equation by a (or the coefficient of the quadratic term). The a in 2x2 + 12x + 14 = 0 is the coefficient of x2. The coefficient of 2x2 is 2. Thus,

2x2 + 12x = – 14

[2x2 + 12x] ÷ 2 = -14 ÷ 2 Dividing both sides of the equation by a = 2

x2 + 6x = – 7

Step 3: Divide the b (or the coefficient of the linear term) by 2 and square the result. Add the result to both sides of the equation. The b of x2 + 6x = – 7 is the coefficient of 6x which is 6. Thus, b = 6.

Divide 6 by 2 (6 ÷ 2 = 3)

Square the result (32 = 9)

The number we obtain is 9.

We add 9 to both sides of x2 + 6x = -7:

x2 + 6x = – 7

x2 + 6x + 9 = – 7 + 9 Adding 9 to both sides of the equation

x2 + 6x + 9 = 2

We have obtained the equation x2 + 6x + 9 = 2. After completing this step, you will obtain a perfect square trinomial. x2 + 6x + 9 is a perfect square trinomial. As we learned from a previous chapter, perfect square trinomials can be factored.

Step 4: Factor the left-hand side of the equation. Express the factors as a square of a binomial. The left-hand side of the equation is x2 + 6x + 9. This can be factored as (x + 3)(x + 3). We express (x + 3)(x + 3) as (x + 3)2

x2 + 6x + 9= 2

(x + 3)(x + 3) = 2 by factoring

(x + 3)2 = 2 Expressing as a square of a binomial

Step 5: Take the square root of both sides of the equation.

Let us take the square root of both sides of the equation we have obtained from the previous step:

(x + 3)2 = 2

√(x + 3)2 = √2 Taking the square root of both sides

x + 3 = ±√2

Since 2 have two square roots (i.e., a positive and a negative square root), we have two linear equations:

Equation 1: x + 3 = √2
Equation 2: x + 3 = -√2
Step 6: Solve the resulting linear equations.

Solving each linear equation:

Equation 1: Equation 2:

x + 3 = √2 x + 3 = -√2

x = – 3 + √2 x = – 3 -√2

Therefore, the roots of the equation 2x2 + 12x + 14 = 0 are x1 = -3 + √2 and x2 = – 3 –√2

What is the quadratic formula

=-b+-sqrt(b’2-4ac)/2a

Where:

a is the numerical coefficient of the quadratic term
b is the numerical coefficient of the linear term
c is the constant term
The quadratic formula was derived by completing the square (see the previous method). If you are curious about how the quadratic formula was derived, kindly read the BONUS part of this reviewer.

To use the quadratic formula, you have to determine the values of a, b, and c first. Afterward, substitute these values to the formula and compute. You will arrive at two values because of the ± sign.

Example 1: Use the quadratic formula to solve for the values of x in 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0

Solution:

The values of a, b, and c are:

a = 3
b = – 2
c = – 1
Let us substitute these values to the quadratic formula:

quadratic equations 13
Computing for the values of x:

quadratic equations 14
Hence, the roots of the equation are x1 = 1 and x2 = -⅓

Example 2: Use the quadratic formula to solve for the values of x in x2 + 3x – 5 = 0

The values of a, b, and c are:

a = 1
b = 3
c = – 5
Let us substitute these values to the quadratic formula:

quadratic equations 15
Computing for the values of x:

x1=-3+sqrt(29)/2

x2=-3-sqrt(29)/2

allows you to determine the “nature of the roots” of a quadratic equation without actually solving it.

discriminant of a quadratic equation

When we say “nature of the roots”, we are actually referring to three things:

The signs of the roots;
Whether the roots are real or complex numbers; and
Whether the roots are identical or not.

What does the discriminant tell us?

If the computed value of the discriminant is positive (D > 0), then the quadratic equation has two real distinct roots (or two real different roots). If the computed value of the discriminant is 0 (D = 0), then the quadratic equation has two identical real roots (or has only one root that is just repeated). If the computed value of the discriminant is negative (D < 0), then the quadratic equation has no real roots. This means that the roots of the quadratic equation are complex numbers.

Example 1: Using the discriminant, determine the nature of the roots of x2 + 4x + 4 = 0

Solution: We have a = 1, b = 4, and c = 4 Using the discriminant: D = b2 – 4ac D = (4)2 – 4(1)(4) D = 16 – 16 D = 0 The value of the discriminant is 0. This means that the roots of x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 are two identical roots (or one root that is just being repeated). If we try to solve x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 using factoring: x2.+ 4x + 4 = 0 (x + 2)(x + 2) = 0 by factoring x1 = – 2 x2 = – 2 The roots of x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 are both – 2. Indeed, the roots of the equation are identical and real numbers. The discriminant is correct.

Example 2: What is the nature of the roots of 2x2 + 5x – 1 = 0?

Solution: We have a = 2, b = 5, and c = – 1 Using the discriminant: D = b2 – 4ac D = (5)2 – 4(2)(-1) D = 25 + 8 D = 33 The discriminant is positive. This means that the nature of the roots of 2x2 + 5x – 1 = 0 are real and distinct. Try to verify using any method that the roots of 2x2 + 5x – 1 = 0 are distinct and real.

Example 3: The quadratic equation x2 – (k + 2)x + 49 = 0 has two identical roots. What must be the value of k?

Solution: If the quadratic equation has two identical roots, it means that its discriminant is equal to 0. Thus, we set: D = b2 – 4ac 0 = b2 – 4ac We have a = 1, b = -(k + 2), and c = 49. Substituting these values: 0 = b2 – 4ac 0 = (k + 2)2 – 4(1)(49) Now, let us solve for the value of k: 0 = k2 + 4k + 4 – 196 Expanding the square of binomial 0 = k2 + 4k – 192 k2 + 4k – 192 = 0 Symmetric Property of Equality (k + 16)(k – 12) = 0 by factoring k + 16 = 0 k – 12 = 0 Equating each factor to 0 k = -16 k = 12 Solving for the values of k in the linear equations k = – 16 k = 12 Therefore, the values of k should be k1 = – 16 and k2 = 12

The formula for the sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is:

x1 + x2 = -b⁄a

The formula for the product of the roots of a quadratic equation is:

x1⋅x2 = c⁄a

Example 1: What is the sum and product of the roots of x2 + 8x + 2 = 0?

Solution: Using the formulas for the sum and product of the roots: quadratic equations 19 Thus, the sum and product of the roots are – 8 and 2, respectively.

Here are the steps that you may follow to solve word problems involving quadratic equations:

Read and understand the problem. Identify what is being asked. Represent unknown quantities using a variable. Construct a quadratic equation that represents the given situation or problem. Solve the quadratic equation.

Example 1: The sum of two numbers is 8 while their product is 15. What are the numbers?

Solution: Step 1: Read and understand the problem. Identify what is being asked. The problem is asking us to determine two numbers whose sum is 8 and whose product is 15. Step 2: Represent unknown quantities using a variable. Let x be one of the numbers. Since the sum of the numbers is 8, we can represent the second number as 8 – x. x = first number 8 – x = second number Step 3: Construct a quadratic equation that represents the given situation or problem. The problem states that the product of the numbers is 15. We can express it as: (first number)(second number) = 15 Using the variables we set in Step 2: x (8 – x) = 15 By the distributive property, we have: 8x – x2 = 15 The equation above can be expressed in standard form as: -x2 + 8x = 15 Multiplying both sides by – 1, we obtain: x2 – 8x = – 15 x2 – 8x + 15 = 0 Step 4: Solve the quadratic equation. Let us solve for the values of x in x2 – 8x + 15 = 0. We can solve this quadratic equation by factoring: x2 – 8x + 15 = 0 (x – 3)(x – 5) = 0 x1 = 3 x2 = 5 Based on the solution of our quadratic equation, the numbers are 3 and 5.

Example 2: A small rectangular garden has a perimeter of 12 meters and an area of 8 square meters. Determine the length and the width of the rectangular garden.

Solution: Step 1: Read and understand the problem. Identify what is being asked. The problem is asking us to determine the length and the width of the small rectangular garden given that its perimeter is 12 meters and its area is 8 square meters. Step 2: Represent unknown quantities using a variable. Let l be the length of the small rectangular garden while let w represent its width. Step 3: Construct a quadratic equation that represents the given situation or problem. The perimeter of a rectangle is defined as P = 2l + 2w. Since the small rectangular garden has a perimeter of 12 meters, we have: 12 = 2l + 2w (Equation 1) Meanwhile, the area of a rectangle is defined as A = l ⋅ w. Since the small rectangular garden has an area of 8 square meters, we have: 8 = l ⋅ w (Equation 2) Using Equation 1, we can solve for the value of w in terms of l: 12 = 2l + 2w 12 = 2(l + w) Distributive Property 6 = l + w Division Property of Equality w = 6 – l Transposition Method Now, we substitute the value of w in terms of l in our second equation: 8 = l ⋅ w 8 = l (6 – l) Substituting w = 6 – l 8 = 6l – l2 We have obtained the quadratic equation 8 = 6l – l2 Note that we can write it in standard form: 8 = 6l – l2 l2 – 6l + 8 = 0 Transposition Method Step 4: Solve the quadratic equation. Let us solve for l in l2 – 6l + 8 = 0 by factoring: l2 – 6l + 8 = 0 (l – 4)(l – 2) = 0 l1 = 4 l2 = 2 Thus, we have two values for the length of the small rectangular garden according to our solution which are 4 meters and 2 meters. Let us substitute this value of l to w = 6 – l to determine the possible values of the width: Using l1 = 4: w = 6 – 4 w1 = 2 Using l2 = 2 w = 6 – 2 w2 = 4 Thus, the possible values of the width are 2 meters and 4 meters. Hence the values of the length and width of the rectangle are 4 meters and 2 meters, respectively.

How Was the Quadratic Formula Derived?

*on mod

1) What values of x will satisfy the equation 2x2- x - 1 = 0? a) 1 and ½ b) - 1 and - ½ c) -½ and 1 d) ½ and - 1

2) Solve for x: (x + 3)2- 25 = 0 a) x1 = 2, x2 = -8 b) x1 = - 5, x2 = - 4 c) x1 = -8, x2 = 2 d) x1 = 5, x2 = 4

3) Let p and q be the roots of x2- 5x + 7 = 0. What is the value of 1/p + 1/q? a) 3 b) ⅜ c) 5/7 d) 10/13

4) What is the nature of the roots of 5x2- 2x - 1 = 0? a) real and distinct b) real and identical c) complex numbers

5) The sum of two numbers is 25 and their product is 150. Determine the numbers a) 10 and 15 b) 5 and 30 c) 45 and 6 d) 2 and 75