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Quali Revisions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary focus of qualitative research?

A

Understanding human nature and gaining insights from participants

Qualitative research emphasizes the subjective experiences of individuals.

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2
Q

What are two strengths of qualitative research?

A
  • Deeper understanding of the impact of nursing on patients
  • Provides vital information on attitudes and satisfaction

These insights can lead to improvements in care.

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3
Q

What is a common weakness of qualitative research?

A

Perceived as non-scientific and often expensive to conduct

Qualitative studies typically involve smaller sample sizes.

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4
Q

How can qualitative and quantitative research be used together?

A

To explore issues from different perspectives, such as patient views and providing managers with dependable information

This combination can enhance decision-making in healthcare.

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5
Q

Define empiricism.

A

A general approach suggesting that only knowledge gained through experience and senses is acceptable

It emphasizes rigorous testing of ideas before considering them knowledge.

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6
Q

What is the difference between grand theories and middle-range theories?

A
  • Grand theories operate at a more abstract level and are of limited use in social research
  • Middle-range theories focus on understanding specific aspects of social life

Middle-range theories are more applicable for empirical inquiry.

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7
Q

Describe the deductive approach in research.

A

Involves drawing on current knowledge to develop a hypothesis to test

It typically follows the process: Theory -> Hypothesis -> Data Collection -> Findings -> Theory Revision.

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8
Q

What is the inductive approach in research?

A

Theory is formed from observations, often involving iterative strategies

It is commonly associated with qualitative research.

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9
Q

What does the abductive approach entail?

A

Starting with an observation and explaining it by switching back and forth between the observation and existing literature

This method is also known as dialectical shuttling.

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10
Q

True or False: Positivism argues for the use of natural science methods to study social sciences.

A

True

Positivism emphasizes the importance of empirical data in forming knowledge.

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11
Q

What is critical realism?

A

A form of realism that acknowledges the reality of social structures and events, advocating for their identification to understand and change the social world

It contrasts with naive realism, which assumes a direct correspondence between reality and descriptions.

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12
Q

What is interpretivism in social research?

A

An epistemology that emphasizes understanding the subjective experience of social action and the meanings behind it

It is influenced by hermeneutics and phenomenology.

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13
Q

What are the two main ontological positions in social research?

A
  • Objectivism: social phenomena exist independently of human perception
  • Constructivism: social phenomena are created through social interactions

These positions influence how researchers interpret social reality.

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14
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

The idea that individuals occupy multiple social categories that influence their experiences

Understanding these intersections helps to address unique experiences shaped by overlapping identities.

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15
Q

List the three views on how values should influence research.

A
  • Value-free approach
  • Reflexive approach
  • Conscious partiality approach

Each view represents a different stance on the role of researcher values in the research process.

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16
Q

What are the three key practical considerations in research?

A
  • Nature of the research question
  • Previous research on the topic
  • Nature of the topic and people being investigated

These factors can constrain research design and methodology.

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17
Q

What are the two main approaches to qualitative interviews?

A
  • Semi-structured: guided questions with flexibility
  • Unstructured: informal conversation with topics to cover

Each approach serves different research needs.

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18
Q

What is the primary purpose of qualitative interviews?

A

To gain rich and detailed insights from participants

They allow for spontaneous discussion and focus on the interviewee’s perspective.

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19
Q

What is a potential limitation of qualitative interviewing?

A

Contact with participants may be brief and formal, affecting the honesty of responses

Power dynamics can influence how participants share their views.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ approach aims to completely suppress personal beliefs and feelings in research.

A

Value-free

This approach is rooted in the idea of objectivity in research.

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21
Q

What type of interview format is favoured for addressing specific issues?

A

Semi-structured

Semi-structured interviews allow for flexibility while ensuring consistency across multiple interviews.

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22
Q

What is a potential drawback of qualitative interviewing compared to participant observation?

A

Less immersion, leading to potential untruthfulness from participants due to fear of judgment

Participants may not share sensitive information openly.

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23
Q

What kind of sampling involves strategically selecting cases likely to provide relevant information?

A

Purposive sampling

This method focuses on specific characteristics that align with research goals.

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24
Q

What is the minimum number of interviews typically required for qualitative studies to be published?

Study These Flashcards
A

Between 20 and 30

Some qualitative approaches may accept fewer interviews depending on the study’s purpose.

25
What are the two types of generalisation in qualitative research?
* Analytic generalisation * Case-to-case transfer ## Footnote Analytic generalisation relates findings to existing theories, while case-to-case transfer applies findings to similar cases.
26
What are focus groups designed to produce?
Interaction between participants ## Footnote This interaction helps researchers understand group dynamics and individual perspectives.
27
What is a significant limitation of focus groups?
Researcher has less control over discussions ## Footnote This can lead to challenges in managing the conversation and ensuring all voices are heard.
28
What is the difference between overt and covert ethnography?
* Overt: Researcher is open about conducting research * Covert: Researcher does not disclose their research status ## Footnote Covert research can reduce participant reactivity but raises ethical concerns.
29
What is 'going native' in qualitative research?
When a researcher loses their critical perspective and becomes immersed in the worldview of the subjects ## Footnote This can hinder the researcher's ability to maintain objectivity.
30
What is the purpose of note taking in ethnographic research?
To capture vivid, clear, and detailed observations ## Footnote Including personal reflections and initial analyses can enhance the richness of the data.
31
What is the sampling method that selects based on emerging theories?
Theoretical sampling ## Footnote This method continues until no new relevant data appears, indicating saturation.
32
What is the recommended group size for focus groups?
Between 6 and 8 members ## Footnote This size balances in-depth discussion and manageable dynamics.
33
What is the main goal of participant observation in ethnography?
To understand the culture and behavior of a group through immersion ## Footnote This method combines observation with engagement in the group's activities.
34
What is opportunistic sampling?
Selecting information-rich cases as opportunities arise ## Footnote This sampling approach is flexible and adapts to the research context.
35
What is the difference between sequential and non-sequential sampling?
* Sequential: Sample added to throughout the study * Non-sequential: Sample established at the beginning ## Footnote Sequential sampling allows for adjustments based on emerging data.
36
What is a challenge associated with transcribing focus group discussions?
Difficulty in recognizing who says what due to overlapping voices ## Footnote This can complicate the analysis and interpretation of the data.
37
What does purposive sampling aim to achieve?
To ensure variety among sample members while remaining relevant to the research question ## Footnote This method strategically selects participants based on their characteristics.
38
What is meant by 'theoretical saturation'?
When no new relevant data appears and relationships among categories are well established ## Footnote Achieving saturation indicates that sufficient data has been collected.
39
What are some ethical concerns associated with covert ethnography?
* Lack of informed consent * Potential harm to participants * Risk of damaging the reputation of social research ## Footnote Ethical considerations are critical in maintaining integrity in research.
40
What is criterion sampling?
Sampling cases that meet a particular criterion or incident ## Footnote This approach is often used when initial surveys inform further qualitative investigations.
41
What is the impact of group dynamics in focus groups?
Participants may conform to group norms, affecting the authenticity of expressed opinions ## Footnote This can lead to a false representation of individual views.
42
What should be included in clear and detailed notes during fieldwork?
Location, date, time, who was there, and what started the exchange/activity ## Footnote Including own feelings about situations and people can help with reflexiveness of the account of fieldwork.
43
What are common reasons for research coming to an end?
* Natural end * Personal or family life * Researcher has had enough * Research question answered ## Footnote A form of data saturation occurs when no new data worth generating is available.
44
What must researchers provide when disengaging from a study?
Good explanations for their departure and keep promises made to participants ## Footnote This includes writing reports to organizations that welcomed them.
45
What are the main strategies of qualitative data analysis?
* Analytic induction * Grounded theory * Thematic analysis * Narrative analysis ## Footnote Each strategy has a different approach to understanding and interpreting data.
46
What is analytic induction?
A strategy where the researcher seeks universal explanations of phenomena until no inconsistent cases are found ## Footnote This involves continuous data collection.
47
Define grounded theory in qualitative research.
Generating theory from research data by achieving a close fit between the two ## Footnote Grounded theory aims to develop theories that are grounded in actual data.
48
What does thematic analysis involve?
Extraction of key themes in data with few agreed principles for defining core themes ## Footnote This approach is diffuse and may vary in execution.
49
What is narrative analysis?
Approach to analysis based on how people tell stories about their lives, focusing on event organization over time ## Footnote It seeks to understand how individuals make sense of their experiences.
50
True or False: Narratives can be understood without considering their social context.
False ## Footnote Context shapes narratives and other document types.
51
What do the COREQ and CASP checklists help assess in qualitative research?
Purpose, aim, methodology, findings, and ethical considerations of the study ## Footnote These frameworks help ensure rigorous qualitative research.
52
What should be included in the methodology section of a qualitative study?
* Sampling strategy * Participant profiles * Data collection method * Ethical implications ## Footnote Detailed explanations give readers a feel for how the research was carried out.
53
What questions should be considered when reading a qualitative paper?
* Is the research question clear? * Was a qualitative approach appropriate? * How were participants selected? * What methods were used for data collection? * How was data analyzed? * What quality control measures were implemented? * Are results credible and clinically important? * Are conclusions justified by results? * Are findings transferable? ## Footnote These questions help evaluate the quality and relevance of the research.
54
What are the four main areas of research ethics?
* Avoid harm to participants * Ensure informed consent * Respect privacy of participants * Avoid use of deception ## Footnote These principles guide ethical research practices.
55
What should informed consent include?
* Aims of research * Who is undertaking it * Participant information * Time commitment * Voluntary participation * Anonymity preservation ## Footnote Especially critical for vulnerable groups.
56
What is required in a research proposal for ethical approval?
* Names of principal and co-investigators * Aims of research * Methodology details * Risk assessment * Expected outcomes ## Footnote This ensures a thorough review process by the ethics committee.
57
What should researchers do to communicate with participants?
* Explain purpose clearly * Describe obligations * Assure right to withdraw * Provide contact information ## Footnote Clear communication fosters trust and cooperation.
58
Fill in the blank: Research ethics are a set of _______ that guide moral choices in research.
[moral principles] ## Footnote These principles ensure research is conducted responsibly.
59
What steps should be taken to avoid harm in research?
* Identify potential for harm * Take steps to alleviate situations ## Footnote This includes physical, mental, and emotional harm.

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