Qualitative Research Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data.
A
Qualitative Research
2
Q
it refers to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures
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Qualitative Research
3
Q
PURPOSE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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qualitative research promotes a deep holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon
4
Q
8 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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- human understanding and interpretation in data analysis
- active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and rephrasing interview questions
- multiple research approaches and methods that allow you to plan your study being multi-method research
- specificity to generalization on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or conclusions
- contextualization - context or situation of individuals life
- diversified data in real-life situations on collecting data in a natural setting
- abounds with words and visuals that presents people’s view in a picture, video, drawing or graphs
- internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject persons
5
Q
7 STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A
- it adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter
- promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits in their natural setting
- it is instrumental for positive societal changes
- it engenders respect for people’s individuality
- it’s a way of understanding and interpreting social interactions
- increases researcher’s interests in the study
- offers multiple ways of
acquiring and examining knowledge about something
6
Q
5 WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A
- it involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis
- it is hard to know the validity/reliability of the data
- it is open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis
- it is time-consuming
- it involves several processes, whose results greatly depend on the researcher’s view or interpretations
7
Q
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A
- Case Study
- Ethnography
- Phenomenology
- Content and Discourse Analysis
- Historical Analysis
- Grounded Theory
- Narrative Report
- Biography
- Action Research
8
Q
long time study of a person, group, organization or situation and an empirical inquiry that investigates current phenomenon
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Case Study
9
Q
Example: “Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”
A
Case Study
10
Q
a study of a particular cultural group
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Ethnography
11
Q
Example: “Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities”
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Ethnography
12
Q
live-experiences of a phenomenon
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Phenomenology
13
Q
Example: “Life without Gadget”
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Phenomenology
14
Q
is a research technique that analyzes the modes of communication such as letters, e-mails etc.
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Content Analysis
15
Q
is the study of social life, understood through analysis of language it includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, images and symbols
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Discourse Analysis
16
Q
include books, newspapers, periodicals, brochures and advertisements
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materials for discourse analysis
17
Q
Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on Communication”
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Content and Discourse Analysis
18
Q
is a qualitative method where there is an examining of past events to draw conclusion and make prediction about the future
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Historical Analysis
19
Q
Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech”
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Historical Analysis
20
Q
takes pace when there is a discovery of new theory which underlies your study at the time of data collection and analysis
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Grounded Theory
21
Q
Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao”
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Grounded Theory
22
Q
designed to present things or events that have happened in the past through a logical progression of the relevant information
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Narrative Report
23
Q
the main purpose of a narrative report
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is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred
24
Q
Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste Management”
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Narrative Report
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is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they reflect cultural themes of the society
Biography
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it deals with an interesting story found in documents and archival materials
Biography
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it is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents
Biography
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FIVE COMMON TYPES OF BIOGRAPHY ARE:
- Scholarly Chronicles
- Intellectual Biography
- Life History Writing
- Memoir Biography
- Narrative Biography
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focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life
Scholarly Chronicles
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- “Biography of Gloria M. Arroyo, the First Woman President of the Philippines”
Scholarly Chronicles
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narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas
Intellectual Biography
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“Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal”
Intellectual Biography
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recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s or another’s
Life History Writing
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“The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)”
Life History Writing
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stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and insight in relation to the factual account of life
Memoir Biography
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“The Experiences of Stranded Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic”
Memoir Biography
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a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person
Narrative Biography
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is a classroom-based or school-based research seeks transformative change through the process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection
Action Research
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this type of research is commonly conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the existing problems to improve students’ academic performance and positive attitudes
Action Research
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BASIC RESEARCH APPROACHES IN A SPECIFIC AREA OF DISCIPLINE
- Scientific or Positive Approach
- Naturalistic Approach
- Triangulation/Mixed Method
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deals with empirical data instead of personal views, feelings or attitudes
Scientific or Positive Approach
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allows control of variables or factors affecting the study (Laursen 2010)
Scientific or Positive Approach
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express and records finding quantitatively
Scientific or Positive Approach
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presents structured interviews, questionnaires and observational checklists
Scientific or Positive Approach
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a people-oriented approach focusing on discovering the real concept or meaning behind people’s lifestyles and social relations
Naturalistic Approach
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present things qualitatively through verbal language. Using words as unit of analysis
Naturalistic Approach
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bases determining universal social values to define ethical and unethical that society ought to know, not only for the benefit of individual and community but also for the satisfaction of man’s quest for knowledge (Sarandakos 2013; Ransome 2013)
Naturalistic Approach
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allows a combination or a mixture of research designs, data collection and data analysis techniques
Triangulation/Mixed Method
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enhances the validity and reliability of qualitative research design
Triangulation/Mixed Method
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enhances accuracy of interpretation
Triangulation/Mixed Method
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has an opportunity to view every angle of the research from different perspectives
Triangulation/Mixed Method
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MAIN METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
- Interactive Interviewing
- Written Descriptions by Participant
- Observation
- In the field of Humanities
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people asked to verbally described their experiences of phenomenon
Interactive Interviewing
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people asked to write descriptions of their experiences of phenomenon
Written Descriptions by Participant
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descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal behavior
Observation
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researchers ought to focus not to man’s social life but instead studies it’s meanings, significance and visualizations of man’s experiences in the field of Fine Arts, Literature, Music Drama, Dance and other artistically inclined subjects
In the field of Humanities,
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drives you to research, investigate, or inquire about it with full motivation, enthusiasm, and energy
Interest in a Subject Matter -
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Information will serve as evidence to support your claims about your subject matter from varied forms of literature like books, journals, and newspapers, among others, is a part and parcel of any research work
Availability of the Information
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if it is related to the present. Except for pure or historical research
Timely
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if it yields results that are instrumental in societal improvement
Relevant
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this is when certain guidelines or restrictions are given
Limitations on the Subject
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do an assessment on your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and time schedule to enable you to complete your research
Personal Resources
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SMART
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound
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CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
- Interest in a Subject Matter
- Availability of the Information
- Timeliness and Relevance of the Topic
- Limitations on the Subject
- Personal Resources
- SMART
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RESEARCH TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED
- Controversial Topics
- Highly Technical Subjects
- Hard to Investigate Subjects
- Too Narrow Subjects
- Vague Subjects
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it depends greatly on the writer’s opinion, which may tend to be biases or prejudiced
Controversial Topics
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not advisable for beginners as these topics require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and great experience
Highly Technical Subjects
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if there are no available reading materials about it and if such materials are not up-to-date
Hard to Investigate Subjects
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it prevents you from giving a concentrated or an in-depth analysis on the subject matter of the paper
Too Broad Subjects
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these subjects are so limited or specific that an extensive or thorough reading for information about these is unnecessary
Too Narrow Subjects
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these subjects will prevent you from having a clear focus on your paper and will decrease the readers’ interest and curiosity
Vague Subjects
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SOURVES OF RESEARCH
- Mass Media Communication
- Books, Internet Peer-reviewed Journals, Government Publication
- Profession Periodicals
- General Periodicals
- Previous Reading Assignments in Your Other Subjects
- Work Experience
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press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)
Mass Media Communication
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College English Language Teaching Forum, English Forum, the Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review, etc.
Profession Periodicals
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Reader’s Digest, Women’s Magazine, Panorama Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
General Periodicals
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clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT (on-the-job training) experience, and fieldwork, etc.
Work Experience
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the most important element that defines the research problem
Research Title
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it is usually read first and the most read part of the research
Research Title
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it contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the purpose your research paper
Research Title
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it can be revised any and many times as the research develops and reach its final phase. It becomes final on its final defense before the panel of judges
Research Title
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Example: “The Teaching of English in the High Schools of Legaspi, Albay During the School Year 2010-2011 as Perceived by Teachers and Students”
Research Title
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this contains a topic sentence, a thesis statement, then three to five reasons, details, and/or facts supporting your research
Background of the Study
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topic and central focus of the paragraph
Topic Sentence
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one sentence answer to the general question that is the central idea of your research and serves as a road map of your study
Thesis Statement
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Qualitative Thesis Statement is different from Quantitative Thesis Statement
True
86
Why do people experience chronic problems prefer self-medication over consulting a medical expert?
General Research Question
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People experiencing chronic problem prefer self-medication due to financial reasons and fear
Thesis Statement
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the should be a general statement of the whole problem followed by the specific questions or sub-problems into which the general problem is broken up
Research Problem
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Research Questions should be:
1. Clear - provides enough specifics
2. Focused - narrow enough
3. Concise - fewest possible words
4. Complex - not answerable with simple
“yes” or “no”
5. Arguable - potential answers are open to debate
90
Research Problem
1. Specify your specific concern or issue
2. Decide what you want to know about the specific concern or issue
3. Turn what you want to know and the specific concern into a question
4. Ensure that the question is answerable
5. Check to make sure the question is not too broad or too narrow
91
objectives must always be set after having formulated a good research question as they are to explain the way in which such a question is going to be answered
Objectives of the Study
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Objectives are usually headed by infinitive verbs such as:
- to identify
- to describe
- to determine
- to develop
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provides details to the reader on how the study will contribute such as what the study will contribute and who will benefit from it. It also includes an explanation of the work’s importance as well as its potential benefits
Significance of the Study
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will guide you to write a significance of the study.
Significance of the Study
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you will see the potential benefits of your study
Significance of the Study
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determine the specific contribution of your research study to the society as well as to the individuals
Significance of the Study
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indicates the total area of your research through the specification of where and when the study was conducted and who were part of it
Scope
98
indicate the weaknesses or shortcomings of your research because of factors that are outside of your control (administrative rules, limited data sets, lack of time, etc.)
Limitations
99
enumerates the terms that need specialized descriptions so that there is a general understanding within the study of what these terms mean
Definition of Terms
100
you will need to determine which terms will merit inclusion since not all terms need to be defined
Definition of Terms
101
use APA 7th Edition for in-text citations and list of references & referencing
Citations and Referencing
102
submission with incorrect APA in-text citation and referencing will not be accepted
Citations and Referencing
103
list of credible/accepted sources for research paper:
- journal articles, manuscripts, unpublished thesis or dissertation
- books
- news articles from established news sources and organizations
- web domain w/ .edu or .gov ONLY
- google scholar
