Quality Management Flashcards
What is the process of quality management?
Plan quality management
Perform quality assurance
Control quality
What are the key outputs of the Plan Quality Management process?
Quality management plan Quality metrics Quality checklists Process improvement plan Updates to project documents
What are the key outputs of the Perform Quality Assurance process?
Change requests
Updates to standards, processes, and quality systems (organizational process assets)
Updates to project management plan and project documents
What are the key outputs of the Control Quality process?
Quality control measurements Validated changes Work performance information Updates to project management plan and documents Change requests Lessons learned Verified deliverables
What is the definition of quality?
The degree to which the project fulfills requirements
How does quality differ from grade?
Quality is the degree to which requirements are fulfilled
Grade refers to general category of classification for a deliverable or resource that indicates common function, but varying technical specifications
What does gold plating mean?
Adding extra items and services to customer deliverables that do not necessarily contribute added value or quality
What is marginal analysis?
An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached - to determine the point where incremental benefits or revenue from improving quality equals the incremental cost to secure it
What is a process improvement plan?
A plan for analyzing the processes used on the project to improve them, looking for ways to decrease defects, save time and money, and increase customer satisfaction
What are quality metrics?
Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the Perform Quality Assurance and Control Quality processes
What does continuous improvement mean?
The ongoing enhancement of a product of service through small, continuous improvements in quality
How much inventory is maintained in a just in time (JIT) environment?
How does this affect attention to quality?
Little inventory is maintained
It forces attention to quality
What does ISO 9000 stand for?
International Organization for Standards quality standards that help organizations ensure that they have quality procedures and are following them
What is the definition of total quality management, or TQM?
A comprehensive management philosophy that encourages companies to find ways to continuously improve the quality of business practices, products, and services at every level of the organization
Why is “prevention over inspection” important?
Because the cost of avoiding or preventing mistakes is much less than the cost of correcting them
What does mutual exclusivity mean?
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial (for example, you can’t get both a 5 and a 6 on a single roll of a die)
What is statistical independence?
The probability of event “B” occurring does not depend on event “A” occurring (for example, the outcome of a second roll of a die is not dependent on the outcome of the first roll)
What is a normal distribution curve?
A symmetric bell-shaped frequency distribution curve used to measure variation; this is the most common probability distribution
What does sigma signify in a process?
What’s another name for sigma?
How much variance from the mean has been established as permissible in a process
Standard deviation
What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma refer to?
These are commonly used as quality standards:
+/- 3 standard deviations from the mean
+/- 6 standard deviations from the mean
6 sigma is a higher quality standard than 3 sigma
What is the difference between a population and a sample?
Population: The total number of individual members, items, or elements comprising a uniquely defined group (e.g. all women)
Sample: A statistically valid subset of population members (e.g. women randomly chosen to represent the population)
Who has the responsibility for quality on a project?
Although team members must inspect their own work, the project manager has the ultimate responsibility for quality
What are the impacts of poor quality?
Increased costs Decreased profits Low morale Low customer satisfaction Increased risk Rework Schedule delays
What are examples of costs of conformance and costs of nonconformance?
Conformance: Quality training, studies, surveys, efforts to ensure everyone knows the processes to use to complete their work
Nonconformance: rework, scrap, inventory costs, warranty costs, lost business
