Quantitative Research

Question 0

What is quantitative research based on?

Answer 0

Positivism and post - positivism

Question 1

What is a paradigm?

Answer 1

Pattern of belief and general assumptions

Question 2

What is methodology in research?

Answer 2

A set of principles that directs research

Question 3

Is quantitative research measurable?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What is pre stated in quantitative research?

Answer 4

Aims, objectives and hypothesis

Question 5

What must procedures be in quantitative research?

Answer 5

Standardised

Question 6

How is quantitative research presented?

Answer 6

Statistically

Question 7

Are the outcome measures of quantitative research valid and reliable?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

What three things should results on quantitative research be aimed at?

Answer 8

Falsification, establishing casual relationships, establishing association between variables

Question 9

List 5 features of case control studies

Answer 9

Observational study, conducted in retrospect, starts with a condition, matched with a control, unable to attribute causation

Question 10

Give 4 features of randomised controlled trials

Answer 10

Perspective, intervention is given, participants randomly allocated,outcome of interest is measured

Question 11

What are the 9 constituents of the Bradford hill criteria?

Answer 11

1. Temporal relationship
2. Strength
3. Dose - response relationship
4. Consistency
5. Plausibility
6. Consideration of alternative explanations
7. Experiment
8. Specificity
9. Coherence

Question 12

Give three features of the RCT design

Answer 12

Intervention, randomised, outcomes are measured

Question 13

What is the null hypothesis?

Answer 13

No difference between control and intervention arms, assumed at the start of the study. Had to be disproved.

Question 14

What is a variable?

Answer 14

Factor being investigated

Question 15

An outcome of interest is a

Answer 15

Dependant variable

Question 16

An intervention factor is a

Answer 16

Independent variable

Question 17

What is the target group?

Answer 17

Population

Question 18

What should the sample be representative of?

Answer 18

The population

Question 19

What is probability sampling?

Answer 19

Unbiased sample

Question 20

What is non - probability sampling?

Answer 20

Selected sample

Question 21

What is simple random sampling?

Answer 21

Random selection

Question 22

What is stratified random sampling?

Answer 22

Put into groups according to characteristics

Question 23

What is cluster sampling?

Answer 23

Random selection of larger units eg hospitals

Question 24

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 24

Random selection at predetermined interviews

Question 25

What are 4 factors effecting sample size?

Answer 25

Attrition, design, measurement, practical

Question 26

What is simple allocation in trial groups?

Answer 26

Tossing a coin

Question 27

What is block allocation in trial groups?

Answer 27

Keeping numbers even

Question 28

What is stratified allocation in trial groups?

Answer 28

Balance chosen characteristics

Question 29

What is single bind?

Answer 29

One person knows which arm they are in but the assessor of the outcome does not know

Question 30

What is double bind?

Answer 30

Neither he assessor of the participant know the arm they are in

Question 31

What is reliability in a trial?

Answer 31

Repeated measurements or assessments provide a consistent result given the same initial circumstances

Question 32

What is the main outcome for a study called?

Answer 32

The primary outcome

Question 33

What does validity in a study mean?

Answer 33

The measured tool measures what it is intended to measure

Question 34

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 34

A participants reaction to being in a study

Question 35

What is data in quantitate research primarily?

Answer 35

Numerical

Question 36

What is descriptive statistics?

Answer 36

Displaying and summarising data in a way which is easily understood

Question 37

What are the 4 levels of measurement?

Answer 37

Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

Question 38

Which of the levels of measurement has a fixed zero?

Answer 38

Ratio

Question 39

What are 4 ways of presenting data?

Answer 39

Tables, charts, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion.

Question 40

Give 2 approaches to statistical analysis

Answer 40

Hypothesis testing - P value | Estimation - confidence intervals

Question 41

What is the P value and what does it vary between?

Answer 41

Probability of obtaining the study results if the null hypothesis is true. Varies between 0-1

Question 42

What does a _<0.05 mean?

Answer 42

Evidence to reject the null hypothesis

Question 43

What is the power of a study?

Answer 43

Probability of being able to detect a difference between he study groups

Question 44

What do confidence intervals measure?

Answer 44

Precision in which the quantity of interest is measured

Question 45

What is a type 2 error?

Answer 45

A false negative result

Question 46

What are stats producing a p value called?

Answer 46

Inferential statistics

Question 47

What is the baseline data?

Answer 47

Data collected before the intervention but after the recruitment