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Physics for Future Leaders > Quarter 1 > Flashcards

Quarter 1 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

energy

A

energy of motion (kinetic)
F=1/2mv^2 (Joules)
mass- kg
v- m/s
OR
powertime
ie. J=KWhour

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2
Q

heat energy

A

1cal = 4 J

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3
Q

Power

A

power (W) = energy/time (J/s)

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4
Q

1 MW

A

1*10^6

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5
Q

1 KW

A

1*10^3

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6
Q

US energy consumption

A
  1. Petroleum (35%)
  2. Natural Gas (31.3%)
    - has increased a lot
    —————- 1/3
  3. Coal (10.5%)
    - has decreased a lot
  4. Nuclear (8.13%)
    - nuclear>renewable
    —————— 1/10
  5. Biomass (4.83%)
  6. Wind (3.33%)
  7. Hydro (2.28%)
  8. Solar (1.5%)
  9. Geothermal (0.206%)
    -renewables have seen major increases (10 yr)
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7
Q

Efficiency

A

(Useful energy out/ Energy in) < 100%
Heat is most common excess energy

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8
Q

Transportation and alt. energy

A

boats are most common because weight isn’t a problem - nuclear
Navy- ships/submarines (now only limiting factor for being underwater is food supply/dont need air for energy)

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9
Q

Common energy source tradeoffs

A

1.costs 2.availibility 3.danger

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10
Q

coal

A

cheap and abundant
0.4 cents and deposits across the world bc its a fossil fuel
burning -> sulfuric acid -> acid rain + CO2
coal mines are soft and dangerous

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11
Q

fossil fuels

A

mostly from plants
coal 0.4c, natural gas 0.7c, petroleum (gas 7c)

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12
Q

natural gas

A

hydrocarbons make less greenhouse gasses
US lowered gg from switching
-whereas problem with natural gas is its volume
C-> CO2
CH4-> CO2 + H20

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13
Q

petroleum (oil)

A

mix of hydrocarbons (lite CH4 gas, heavy liquid)
refined for different types of fuel
+42,000 J/G compact form of energy
-expensive and gives off CO2 (less than coal)
US is leading producer of oil

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14
Q

production of oil

A

US only and main until 1940s
Saudi Arabia top 1980s
US largely self dependent for oil
Global East doesn’t produce much
political bc not evenly distributed across world

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15
Q

nuclear power

A

nuclear fission heat -> boils water for steam
steam creates energy to drive an electric turbine
+produces no greenhouse gas and minimal air pollution
- fear around nuclear power, expensive, radioactive waste

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16
Q

Renewable Energy

A

solar power, wind power, hydroelectric, geothermal

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17
Q

solar power

A

photoelectric effect
panels are 15-40%
+ no moving parts, easy setup, no waste
- not available all the time (daylight/not cloudy), cost/efficiency
are getting cheaper and more efficient w time

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18
Q

wind power

A

runs a turbine
+ no emissions, and no running out
- noisy, hazard to birds, not evenly distributed, costly
great plains is best location

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19
Q

hydroelectric power

A

2% of power is static because we have used all ideal locations
+ relatively cheap, more reliable
- not many locations (river and dam are perfect conditions the Pacific NW), largest types of power plants, dams can be bad for ecosystem

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20
Q

geothermal

A

caves are about 55 degrees F all year
deeper caves get warmer and can use their heat energy
2 locations: geysers in Yellowstone, Iceland is 25% of energy source
not very practical for US 2% of energy source

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21
Q

Nuclear Fusion

A

energy of the future and will always be

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22
Q

Food Energy

A

100 Cal = 100,000 calories = 400,000 Joules - if it was immediate

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23
Q

Bomb Calorimeter

A

burning up food to see how much heat given up

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24
Q

Fermi Estimation

Study These Flashcards
A

overestimate and underestimate

25
0th Law of Thermodynamics
hotter goes to colder body
26
Convection
moving gas or liquids (warm up a bathtub or oven)
27
Conduction
vibration of molecules transferring from regions (conductors of heat may feel cold bc conducting heat out of body bc its more efficient)
28
Radiation
heat being turned into lightwaves and depositing energy elsewhere (carport)
29
Units
____ F C K Boil 212 100 373 Freeze 32 0 273 -460 -273 Absolute 0
30
Conversion F to C
C = 5/9(F-32)
31
Challenger (1986)
disintegrated upon takeoff due to O Rings freezing and losing elasticity
32
Columbia (2003)
disintegrated upon re-entry when slowing down KE turned into heat energy T= (300K) M^2 M- speed of sound fraction T- temperature in K
33
Space Shuttle Incidents
Challenger Columbia Apollo 13
34
Apollo 13
coated with a layer of resin that vaporizes and carries heat away from capsule upon re-entry THRU convection
35
Moon Landing
just need retro rocket spring to disperse KE
36
Water Thermal Expansion
expands as it cools until freezing point the crystal structure is tremendously large
37
1st Law of Thermodynamics
energy is conserved
38
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
useful energy is converted into heat - efficiency is always less than 100% - entropy (disorder of universe) always increases (unpredictability)
39
3rd Law of Thermodynamics
can never reach absolute zero
40
Normal Distribution/ Gaussian/ Bell Curve
μ - mean, average will always be peak σ - width of distribution ±1 68% ± 2 95% ± 3 99.7%
41
Not examples of normal distribution
height of basketball players - height bias and biological limit to height so it is not evenly distributed household income distribution- income can be unlimited financial markets- highly non-Gaussian
42
standard deviation calculation
sqrt(N) when N is number of things counted
43
wave length
distance between two hills or troughs (λ, L)
44
frequency
the amount of time it takes to move, rate of oscillation (f = cycles/sec)
45
amplitude
height of a wavelength
46
speed equation (lightwaves)
speed= frequency*wavelength c= Lf Lf - inversely proportional c= 3*10^8 m/s (light always travels at the same speed)
47
Electromagnetic Spectrum
radio waves microwaves infrared radiation visible light (ROYGBIV) ultra violet x-rays gamma rays
48
FM
frequency modulation (MH) 3 m clear line of sight typically music increased frequency = an increased amount of information can carry doesn't carry as far as AM wavelengths that are small compared to obstacle can't bend around
49
AM
amplitude modulation (KH) 200-500 m typically talk shows, sports, media carriers very far especially at night during the summer sound transmits around physical barriers ground wave propagation-produce electric currents through the ground ionosphere- layer of ionized radiation, bounce off F layer like a mirror -switches to lower power at night so there won't be interference across cities -clear channels- no one else can broadcast so that there can be national radio stations
50
Microwaves
L= 3mm->0.3m line of sight radio detection and ranging Doppler Radar- speeding calculated by compression or stretch of the wave received air plane stealth
51
Microwave Devices
microwaves and wi-fi operate at 2.45 GHz so they don't interfere w/ everything else jiggles around polarized molecules cellphones-operate on various frequencies depending on carrier 4G Verizon -700 MHz 5G - 30 GHz phones are transmitters of microwaves as well as receivers microwaves are not ionizing so it can cause cancer no scientific evidence can cause brain cancer
52
Infrared Radiation
heat radiation i.e., night vision goggles micron 10^-6 hotter things increased in radiation L = 300K/T peak emission 3000K/degrees K Uses night vision goggles contactless thermometer heat seeking missels pit-vipers use for hunting tv remote
53
Visible Light
spectrum peaks in visible in spectrum emission 47%
54
Ultraviolet
2% UV in solar spectrum white colors can fluoresce UV mostly gets absorbed by atmosphere because in the upper atmosphere, UV hits O2 and then can create O3 (ozone), prod and absorbed by UV UV is higher so re-emits as visible light
55
Freon
chloroflorocarbon, is stable until its hit by UV, then it destroys ozone and led to the ozone hole at S pole
56
Montreal Protocol
banned chlorofluorocarbon and was a great success bc there are easy substitutes
57
X-Ray
10^-9 nm production- taking beam of electron and slamming into a target to emit an x-ray beam soft: less energetic and less penetrative so soft tissue will absorb (more dangerous) hard: medical purposes - led aprons have 1/2 mm of led to block x-rays-> high on periodic table of dense CAT/CT Scan: 3D imaging computer tomography
58
Gamma Radiation
Background radiation-cosmic radiation uranium emission in glaze

Physics for Future Leaders (2 decks)

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