Quarter 2

Question 1

Greenhouse Effect

Answer 1

visible light peaks in intensity provided by the sun
the earth then absorbs and re-emits it as infrared
the atmosphere is transparent to visible light but not transparent to infrared
- when re-emitted it becomes trapped by the atmosphere

Earth is 30 F hotter due to greenhouse effect

Question 2

Gasses in Atmosphere

Answer 2

Polar Contributors
methane CH4 (lo)
carbon dioxide CO2
water vapor H20 (hi)

Non-Polar non-contributor
N2
O2

Question 3

GG- H2O

Answer 3

negligible amount of water we put in the atmosphere

Question 4

GG- CH4

Answer 4

leakage of methane w/ natural gas wells and cows

Question 5

GG- CO2

Answer 5

big concern 0.04% has increased 30ppm since 2010
CO2 + H2O < —-> O2+carbohydrate
in equilibrium due to plants and animals
digging up coal disrupts

Question 6

Keeling Curve

Answer 6

Mauna Loa-1958
30% increase in 65 years
fluctuates throughout the ear due to oscillation in vegetation absorbing and spitting out CO2- most plant life in N hemisphere sucks in summer and spits out winter

Question 7

Historical View of CO2

Answer 7

gas measured in ice samples, constant until 1800’s ->industrial revolution
weather ≠ climate

Question 8

Kyoto Agreement/Protocol

Answer 8

“developed” countries singed so unsure if effective

Question 9

US Greenhouse Gas

Answer 9

CO2 Emission have decreased
1. Energy efficiency - insulation or efficient appliances (removes waste heat)
2. Biofuel v. Fossil fuels- new decay v. old decay
3. Renewable Energy- hydroelectric, wind, solar, nuclear

solar- might be up next

Question 10

Geoengineering

Answer 10

1. climate & weather are very controversial
   butterfly effect- hard to predict what output could get
2. who has the authority to do this because actions impact the planet

Question 11

mass number

Answer 11

mass # = #protons+#neutrons

Question 12

isotope notation

Answer 12

hydrogen-2

Question 13

isotope

Answer 13

H2O, D2O, or Tritium
U-235

Question 14

Uranium isotopes

Answer 14

U-235 0.72%
U-238 99.2%

Question 15

α - alpha

Answer 15

2 proton + 2 neutrons (a He nucleus shoots out), atomic number decreases by 2 (particle)

blocked by layers of skin cells
harmful through ingestion only
can’t really get through air

Question 16

β - beta

Answer 16

e- is shot out: atomic number increases by 1

inch of plastic/wood is enough
layer of clothing
can travel a couple of yards

Question 17

γ - gamma

Answer 17

high energy photon or electromagnetic wave: atom stays the same

Question 18

radon-222

Answer 18

most radioactive that you can breath in naturally occurring
heavier than air so settles in basements
2nd leading cause of lung cancer
Radon 86 ->Polonium 84 alpha decay

Question 19

strontium-90

Answer 19

resulting from atomic bombs mimics calcium
baby teeth, 1960s JFK banned above ground testing

Question 20

Iodine-131

Answer 20

results from reactor
concentrates in thyroid, iodine tablets to get rid of
can destroy thyroid instead of removal

Question 21

Cesium-137

Answer 21

results from reactor, mimics potassium and deposits in soft tissue

Question 22

Uranium

Answer 22

heaviest element found naturally

Question 23

Am-241

Answer 23

smoke detectors
gives low energy gamma ray, not very penetrative

Question 24

Technetium-99

Answer 24

kidneys/ glows and secreted until it gets to bladder, doesn’t deposit, kidney function medical usage

Question 25

Cobalt-60

Answer 25

radiate on food to kill all bacteria, also harms cell division and inhibits potato sprouts

Question 26

C-14 carbon dating

Answer 26

all living things have C-14 in them, at death no more is taken in so it can be dated

Question 27

solar power space proes

Answer 27

venus, mars, earth

Question 28

radio isotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)

Answer 28

jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, pluto

Question 29

Plutonium-238

Answer 29

Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini heat is converted into electricity

Question 30

Nuclear Terrorism

Answer 30

unlikely because dangerous and not powerful

Question 31

Nuclear Fission

Answer 31

reactors and bombs starting to develop at same time war breaking out curve of binding energy- mass converts to energy nuclear chain reaction - Leo Szilard reactors can be built with U-238, U-238 doesn't chain fission

Question 32

Moderators

Answer 32

scatter neutrons to fission more effectively by slowing down neutrons (deuterium/heavy water, carbon/graphite form)

Question 33

First Nuclear Reactor

Answer 33

U Chicago

Question 34

Control Rods

Answer 34

absorbs neutrons (Cadmium) need 1neutron for every neutron in for a controlled reaction

Question 35

First atomic bomb

Answer 35

had to enrich uranium by increasing percent of U-235 to 95% Oakridge TN centrifuging-today's method electromagnetic race track- so you're left with U-235 gaseous diffusion