Question breaks unit 1

Question 1

discuss the 6 characteristics
of living things

Answer 1

Six characteristics are
organized response to the environment,
growth development, and reproduce
energy utilization,
homeostasis
evolutionary adaption

Question 2

How are living things
organized?

Answer 2

Hierarchical organization
At a cellular level, it goes atoms, molecules, organelles, and cells at organism level it goes tissue organs, and organ systems. The organization goes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

Question 3

What is the difference
between deductive and
inductive reasoning?

Answer 3

Deductive reasoning Uses general principles for specific predictions, like estimating the circumference of the earth. Text general used to make. an inductive reasoning is specific observations that are made for general conclusions. An example would be poodles and terriers have hair so dogs have hair.

Question 4

What is a hypothesis and
why are they necessary?

Answer 4

A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation. Hypothesis must be testable to determine its variety and is often tested in different ways and allows predictions to be made and can be changed or find with new data.. It’s necessary as it’s the first step in the scientific method as a scientific method helps scientist through the order of operations on how to gather data on new things

Question 5

What is the difference in a
scientific theory and the
common use of the word
theory?

Answer 5

Scientific theory is a body of interconnected concepts, supported by much experimentation and evidence and scientific reasonings. The common use of the word theory implies a lack of knowledge or educational guess.

Question 6

Discuss the significance of
similarly shaped proteins in
different organisms

Answer 6

Structure determines function. If you learn the structure, then it can lead you to what the function is and example of it is finding a similar molecule and a worm.

Question 7

How do biologists group
living organisms?

Answer 7

Through classification taxonomy

Question 8

What is the system used for
naming organisms called
and who developed it?

Answer 8

The system use for name and organisms is called binomial nomenclature, and it was developed by carolus Linnaeus

Question 9

How is systematics different
from taxonomy?

Answer 9

Taxonomy is limited to observed characteristics and it worked well for many years now DNA sequence data gives us more info. Systematics is the study of evolutionary relationsships and includes taxonomy and molecular structure data.

Question 10

What are 2 reasons why
similarity between 2
organisms doesn’t necessarily
mean they are closely related?

Answer 10

Rates of evolution vary.
* Evolution may not be unidirectional.

Evolution is not always divergent.
* Convergent evolution.

Question 11

What is the difference
between ancestral and derived
characteristics?

Answer 11

Ancestral characteristics are similarities that are inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group and derived characteristics are similarities that rose from more recently and share only by a subset of the species.

Question 12

What is a cladogram?

Answer 12

Depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

Question 13

What is the principle of
parsimony?

Answer 13

Principle stating that scientists should favor the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.

Question 14

How do Darwin’s finches
show evidence of evolution?

Answer 14

The different species that came from it, and also the beaks and how they change, depending on the environment around them.

Question 15

What is industrial melanism?

Answer 15

Phenomenon which darker individuals come to prime predominate over lighter ones. an example of this are the moths and the dark counterparts were able to camouflage from predators by the trees being covered in soot

Question 16

Discuss artificial selection
Include examples.

Answer 16

Artificial selection is a breeder typically humans select characteristics for that animal species
Examples are selective breeding with an animals
Corn

Question 17

Discuss how fossils are
evidence for evolution

Answer 17

Fossils are preserve remains from once loving organisms. There are evidence for evolution because they show the major changesovertime.

Question 18

• What are some anatomical
  evidence for evolution?

Answer 18

Homologous structures- structures with different appearances and functions that derive from the same body part of a common ancestor

Early embryonic development

Some organisms not perfectly adapted

Vestigial structures- have no apparent apparent function, but resemble structures ancestors possessed

Pseudogenes- Fossil genes traces of previous functioning

Question 19

Discuss early ideas about
evolution

Answer 19

Erasmus Darwin- the idea of a common ancestor
Comte de Buffon- the idea of old Earth
George Cuvier- the concept of extinction
Charles Lyell- geologic formations resulted in slow changes over. Long period time
Jean-baptiste Lamarck- the inheritance of required characteristics
Modern idea of evolution was not formulated until middle of 19 century

Question 20

• Which islands did Darwin visit
  where he found a lot of
  evidence for evolution?

Answer 20

Galapagos islands

Question 21

• List the 4 tenets of natural
  selection.

Answer 21

Genetic variation
Only a small percentage will survive and produce
Competition for limited resources
Individuals best adapt to the environment will survive and reproduce in greatest numbers

Question 22

• What level of organization
  discussed in ch. 1 does
  evolution work on?

Answer 22

Population

Question 23

What principle helps
scientists mathematically
study evolution?

Answer 23

Hardy- Weinberg principle

Question 24

• What is the key that allows
  natural selection to occur?

Answer 24

Genetic variation

Question 25

What is biological fitness?

Answer 25

Individuals with one phenotype that leaves more surviving offspring in the next generation than individuals with thealternative phenotype. Most phenotype is simply the one that produces the greatest number of offspring.

Question 26

* Discuss the different reproductive strategies of males and females

Answer 26

Sexes face very different selective pressures * Males and females usually differ in how they attempt to maximize fitness * Females have limited eggs so evaluate male’s quality to decide whether to mate * Peahens prefer to mate with peacocks with more eyespots on their tailfeathers – signals energy to spare * Sperm: energetically cheap = males increase fitness by mating with as many females as possible: quantity

Question 27

* What are the 3 types of natural selection?

Answer 27

Disruptive: Acts to eliminate intermediate types Directional: Acts to eliminate one extreme Stabilizing -Acts to eliminate both extremes * Makes intermediate more common by eliminating extremes

Question 28

What is clade

Answer 28

Species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the position of share derived characteristics. It is an evolutionary unit and refers as a common ancestor in all descendants

Question 29

What is phylogeny

Answer 29

Hypothesis about patterns of relationships among species

Question 30

What is the order of classification in taxonomy from largest two smallest?

Answer 30

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 31

What’s the difference between an artificial selection and natural selection

Answer 31

Artificial selection is the breeder typically human select, desired characteristics and natural selection is environmental conditions, determine which individuals produce the most offspring

Question 32

What is genetic drift and describe its affects?

Answer 32

Genetic drift, random events that causes changes in the frequencies. The bottleneck effect is a drastic reduction alleles in the population size due to natural forces Founder effect is one or a few individuals disperse and become a founders of that isolated population . Some of the allies are lost, but others are changed and frequency.

Question 33

What are the five agents of evolutionary change

Answer 33

Mutation Gene flow - movement of alleles to one population to another Non random mating - Two types of mating, assortative is phenotypic similar individuals mates. Disassortative mating- phenotypic different individuals mate. Genetic drift Selection

Question 34

what is sexual selction and define each one

Answer 34

Competition for mates * Intrasexual selection – competitive interactions between members of one sex * Intersexual selection – mate choice * Sexual dimorphism – Differences between sexes (males larger than females) * Sperm competition – selects for features that increase probability that a male’s sperm will fertilize the eggs

Question 35

Which concept of species is defined by groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups?

Answer 35

The Biological Species Concept

Question 36

* Discuss ways species can be isolated from each other

Answer 36

PREZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS (Mechanisms that prevent formation of a zygote) Ecological isolation: species occur in the same area, but they occupy different habitats and rarely encounter each other. Behavioral isolation: Species differ in their mating rituals. Temporal isolation: Species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day. Mechanical isolation: structural differences between species prevent mating Prevention of gamete fusion: gametes of one species function poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species. POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS ( Mechanisms that prevent proper functioning of zygotes after they form.) Hybrid inviability or infertility -Hybrid embryos do not develop properly, hybrid adults do not survive in nature, or hybrid adults are sterile or have reduced fertility.

Question 37

* How does reinforcement lead to speciation?

Answer 37

Selection may reinforce isolating mechanisms.

Question 38

What 2 processes must occur for speciation?

Answer 38

1. Initially identical populations must diverge: geographically or in another way 2. Reproductive isolation must evolve to maintain these differences.

Question 39

* What is the difference in allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation?

Answer 39

Sympatric speciation: One species splits into two at a single locality, without the two new species ever having been geographically separated allopatric speciation- Geographically separated, or allopatric, populations appear much more likely to have evolved substantial differences leading to speciation

Question 40

* Discuss ways sympatric speciation can occur

Answer 40

Polyploidy – multiple sets of chromosomes: failure to separate during meiosis Character displacement, especially when character opens new food supply

Question 41

* How long does evolution take?

Answer 41

long, Gradualism * Accumulation of small changes. * Standard view for a long time. Punctuated equilibrium * Long periods of stasis followed by rapid change.