Unit 4 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Zygote
A
fertilized egg
2
Q
Cleavage
A
mitotic divisions
3
Q
Morula
A
solid ball of cells
4
Q
Blastula
A
hollow ball, space fills with fluid
5
Q
Gastrulation
A
cell movement, shape changes, and divisions
6
Q
Embryo
A
multicellular development stage
7
Q
Tissue
A
Cells of animals (except sponges) organized
into structural and functional units
8
Q
Radial Symmetry
A
Body parts arranged around central axis
* Can be divided into two equal halves by any plane that
passes through the center
9
Q
Bilateral Symmetry
A
Body has right and left halves that are mirror images
* Only sagittal plane bisects animal into two equal halves
10
Q
Cephalization
A
Evolution of a definite brain area
11
Q
Totipotent
A
Can give rise to all other body cells
12
Q
How many Germ layer
are there
A
three: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
13
Q
Ectoderm
A
body
coverings and nervous
system
14
Q
Mesoderm
A
skeleton and muscles
15
Q
Endoderm
A
digestive
organs and intestines
16
Q
Body Cavity
A
Space surrounded by mesoderm tissue
formed during development
17
Q
Acoelomate
A
No body cavity
18
Q
Pseudocoelomate
A
Body cavity between mesoderm
and endoderm
19
Q
Coelomate
A
Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm
20
Q
Protostome
A
first opening in blastula becomes mouth
21
Q
Deuterostome
A
first opening in blastula becomes anus,
mouth develops later
22
Q
Cnidaria
A
branch off evolutionary tree before Bilateria
23
Q
Parazoa
A
Animals lacking tissues (and therefore organs) and
a definite symmetry
24
Q
Eumetazoa
A
Animals with definite shape and symmetry,
tissues; possibly organs and organ systems
25
Porifera
Phylum Porifera - sponges
26
Spicules
needles of calcium carbonate
27
Spongin
reinforcing tough protein fibers
28
Polyp
cylindrical and sessile
29
Medusa
umbrella-shaped and free-living
30
General features of animals
Heterotrophy
Multicellularity
No cell walls
Active movement
Diversity of form
Diversity of habitat
Sexual reproduction
Embryonic development
Tissues
31
Evolution of animal body plan
Five key innovations in animal evolution
1. Symmetry
2. Tissues
3. Body cavity
4. Various patterns of embryonic development
5. Segmentation, or repeated body units
32
Bilateral symmetry advantages
Bilaterally Simental animals has two main advantages which are directional movement and cephalization, which is the evolution of a definite brain area
33
Differences in protostomes and deuterostomes
1. Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells
* Protostomes = Spiral cleavage
* New cells form right or left of previous cells
* Deuterostomes = Radial cleavage
* New cells form on top of previous cells
2. Developmental fate of cells
* Protostomes = Determinate development
* Cell fate is determined early
* Deuterostomes = Indeterminate development
* Cell fate is not determined until after several divisions
3. Formation of the coelom
* Protostomes—cells move apart to form coelom
* Deuterostomes—groups of cells pouch off to form
coelom
34
Determinate vs indeterminate development
Determinate development
* Cell fate is determined early
Indeterminate development
* Cell fate is not determined until after several divisions
35
Sponge reproduction
Asexual
* Fragmentation
Sexual
* Choanocytes transform into sperm
* Sperm captured and passed to egg cell
* Development may occur within mother or in open water
* Larva is planktonic; will settle and transform into adult
36
How do animals obtain
energy?
Animals obtain their energy through hetrothotry.
37
• What is the first process a
newly formed zygote goes
through?
Cleavage, which is the process for like it’s dividing and it has that indentation separated
38
What types of symmetry are
found in animal bodies?
There are two types of symmetry, found animal, bodies, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry
39
Discuss body plans
There are three body plans
Acoelomates which is no body cavity, pseudocoelomates which is body cavity between the mesoderm and the endoderm,
Coelomates which is the body cavity entirely within the mesoderm
40
What are the advantages of
segmentation in animals?
1.Allows redundant organ systems in adults such as
occurs in the annelids
2.Allows more efficient and flexible movement because
each segment can move independently
41
What are the 2 branches of
Kingdom Animalia?
Parazoa: Animals lacking tissues (and therefore organs) and
a definite symmetry
Eumetazoa: Animals with definite shape and symmetry,
tissues; possibly organs and organ systems
42
Which cells in a sponge are
involved in water
movement, feeding, and
reproduction?
Choanocytes
43
What are the embryonic
layers in a Eumetazoan?
Inner endoderm forms the gastrodermis (digestive tissue)
* Outer ectoderm forms the epidermis and nervous system
* Middle mesoderm (only in bilateral animals) forms the
muscles
44
What is a nematocyst?
Cnidarians use nematocysts to capture prey
* Secreted within nematocyte
* Mechanism of discharge unknown
* Some carry venom
45
What type of body plan do
flatworms have?
Acoelomate
46
Discuss Schistosoma
reproduction
It depends on where you start, but geez, blood flutes live in the intestine or the liver well the blood vessels of the intestine or urinary bladder and then they get pooped out. Those eggs from the water have to be eaten by a snail if not, you might snail then it stops. From there, it goes into a fish and has to be certain type of fish and it goes to three stages and it will pop up in the muscles of that fish as they like and then these in the fish when the fish is like cooked or gonna be eaten. That is how these, blood flutes will enter into system and go into their intestine blood vessels
47
Why are tapeworms so
successful at reproducing?
They reproduce a lot like can produce a lot
48
How do rotifers eat?
They have a conspicuous ring of Celia at the interior end that is used for their local motion and sleeping food in their mouth
49
What is the difference between
the mantle and the shell of a
mollusk?
The difference between the two is that the shell is secreted from the mantle
50
Which class of mollusks has
terrestrial species?
Gastropoda
51
How are cephalopods different
from other mollusks?
Active marine predators has a closed secretary system
Brain size
Highly developed nervous
52
Which phylum of worms are
(mostly) segmented?
Annelids
53
What are chaetae?
Bristles of chitin found in most groups
54
Which worms are
ubiquitous?
Nematodes
55
Discuss human diseases
caused by nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Guinea worms
Filariasis
56
Which class of arthropods
has the most species?
Hexpoda
57
Discuss the features of
arthropods that make them
So successful
Segmentation
Exoskeleton
Jointed appendages
58
How do arthropods breathe?
Marines have gills
Terrestrial have tracheae
59
• Where does spider silk come
from?
Spinanet, on the on there like on the abdomen on there interiorly
60
Which stage of crustacean reproduction helped scientists realize barnacles are
crustaceans?
Nauplius
61
What are the 3 body regions of hexapodes?
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
62
Discuss insect life histories
Metamorphosis
63
What are the major differences between the two groups of myriapodes?
