questionaires

Question 1

advantages of questionnaires (cost)

Answer 1

more cost-effective than interviews

Question 2

advantages of questionnaires (sample size)

Answer 2

easy to get data from a large group of people

Question 3

advantages of questionnaires (ease of access)

Answer 3

participants can participate where and when they like

Question 4

advantages of questionnaires (anonymity)

Answer 4

participant anonymity

Question 5

advantages of questionnaires (extraneous variables)

Answer 5

no interviewer effects

Question 6

advantages of questionnaires (standardisation)

Answer 6

standardisation of questions

Question 7

disadvantages of questionnaires (quality)

Answer 7

problems with quality of data due to completeness and accuracy of responses

Question 8

disadvantages of questionnaires (detail)

Answer 8

unable to further explore responses

Question 9

disadvantages of questionnaires (misunderstandings)

Answer 9

misunderstandings cant be corrected

Question 10

disadvantages od questionnaires (reliability)

Answer 10

impossible to check wether responses are honest

Question 11

open ended questions

Answer 11

free response questions where participants are free to give any answers they want

Question 12

closed questions

Answer 12

fixed response questions with pre determined list of options

Question 13

advantages of open ended questions (freedom)

Answer 13

response freedom

Question 14

advantages of open ended questions (probing)

Answer 14

researcher can probe for more detail (if questionnaire is given face-to-face)

Question 15

advantages of open ended questions (usefulness)

Answer 15

useful in initial stages of project

Question 16

disadvantages of open ended questions (time)

Answer 16

time consuming and greater effort required from respondent

Question 17

disadvantages of open ended questions (researcher)

Answer 17

time consuming for researcher (eg coding )

Question 18

advantages of closed questions (time)

Answer 18

quicker for respondent

Question 19

advantages of closed questions (researcher)

Answer 19

fast and cheap for researcher

Question 20

advantages of closed questions (results)

Answer 20

results are easy to communicate

Question 21

advantages of closed questions (useful)

Answer 21

useful for hypothesis testing

Question 22

disadvantages of closed questions (limited)

Answer 22

options limit responses

Question 23

disadvantages of closed questions (fixed response)

Answer 23

fixed response may irritate participants

Question 24

bipolar scales

Answer 24

reflect two opposing alternatives often with a midpoint

Question 25

unipolar scales

Answer 25

varying levels of the same construct, no conceptual midpoint and often a 0 at one end

Question 26

what should the length of questions be like

Answer 26

short and avoid excessively long answers

Question 27

what should you avoid when writing questions

Answer 27

* double-barrelled questions * negatives * leading questions

Question 28

what should you include in questions

Answer 28

'dont know' or N/A response

Question 29

what type of words should be used in questions

Answer 29

simple words

Question 30

how can questions concerned with the frequency of behaviour be problematic

Answer 30

participants may not see response options in the same way

Question 31

how to resolve problems with frequency of behaviour questions

Answer 31

ask for actual frequency, give specific number ranges

Question 32

probability sampling

Answer 32

all participants have an equal chance of being included in the sample

Question 33

simple random sampling (probability sampling)

Answer 33

all participants in sampling frame have equal chance of being included in sample (picking out of a hat)

Question 34

systematic random sampling (probability sampling)

Answer 34

participants selected from sampling frame according to random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval

Question 35

stratified random sampling (probability sampling)

Answer 35

all participants have equal chance of being included (split sample into lots of hats and pick one from each hat)

Question 36

cluster sampling (probability sampling)

Answer 36

participants randomly selected from sub-groups of a sample (naturally occurring groups eg post code)

Question 37

advantages of probability sampling (representative)

Answer 37

more representative of target population

Question 38

advantages of probability sampling (bias)

Answer 38

no experimenter bias

Question 39

disadvantages of probability sampling (time)

Answer 39

time consuming

Question 40

disadvantages of probability sampling (cost)

Answer 40

costly to implement

Question 41

disadvantages of probability sampling (eligibility)

Answer 41

difficult to find list of eligible participants

Question 42

disadvantages of probability sampling (refusal)

Answer 42

participants free to refuse

Question 43

non-probability sampling

Answer 43

not equal chance of all participants being included in sample

Question 44

convenience sampling (non-probability)

Answer 44

most common - based on availability of participants

Question 45

purposive sampling (non-probability)

Answer 45

sample chosen based on subjective judgement -fulfil certain criteria

Question 46

quota sampling (non-probability)

Answer 46

non-probabilistic version of stratified random sampling - divided into mutually exclusive groups

Question 47

snowball sampling (non-probability)

Answer 47

existing study participants recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances

Question 48

advantages of non-probability sampling (speed)

Answer 48

quicker and easy to select

Question 49

advantages of non-probability sampling (cost)

Answer 49

more convenient and cheaper

Question 50

disadvantages of non-probability sampling (bias)

Answer 50

researcher likely to display selection bias

Question 51

disadvantages of non-probability sampling (representation)

Answer 51

less likely to be representative of target population

Question 52

random sampling error

Answer 52

results from studying a sample rather than the whole population

Question 53

systematic error

Answer 53

results from imperfections in research design or mistakes in research execution

Question 54

what are the 2 main types of systematic error

Answer 54

1) respondent error | 2) administrative error

Question 55

what are the two types of respondent error

Answer 55

1) non-response error | 2) response bias

Question 56

deliberate falsification

Answer 56

deliberately giving the wrong answer

Question 57

unconscious misunderstandings

Answer 57

unconsciously giving the wrong answer

Question 58

aquiescence bias (response bias)

Answer 58

when in doubt participants tend to agree (say yes)

Question 59

extremity bias (response bias)

Answer 59

some have tendencies to always use extremes when giving answers

Question 60

interviewer bias (response bias)

Answer 60

presence of interviewer influences answers

Question 61

auspices bias (response bias)

Answer 61

participants are influenced by the company that gives the questionnaire

Question 62

social desirability bias (response bias)

Answer 62

participants give answers that they think will be viewed favourably

Question 63

data processing error (administrative error)

Answer 63

procedural errors made during data processing stage

Question 64

sampling selection error (administrative error)

Answer 64

errors caused by improper sampling design or execution

Question 65

interviewer error (administrative error)

Answer 65

researcher misrecords results

Question 66

interviewer cheating (administrative error)

Answer 66

researcher deliberately falsifies responses