Questions (1-50) Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is the most primitive jawless fish class?
A
Agnatha
2
Q
What are the 3 modern fish classes?
A
- Agnatha (Jawless fish)
- Chondrichthyes (Jawed, cartilage skeleton)
- Osteichthyes (Jawed, Bone skeleton)
3
Q
Which vertebrates have the greatest specie diversity?
A
Fish (32,000 species)
4
Q
What does the Ebola virus target?
A
- WBCs (monocytes and macrophages), fibroblasts, dendritic cells and endothelial cells that release proteins that can cause clots in the bloodstream
- Also targets liver cells
- Blocks INTERFERON
5
Q
How does the Ebola virus spread?
A
Through direct contact with infected bodily fluids and tissues
6
Q
What animals can the Ebola virus infect?
A
Humans, pigs and monkeys
7
Q
What is the largest INTERNAL organ?
A
Liver
8
Q
What is the largest organ in the entire body?
A
Skin
9
Q
Dino the dinosaur lived how many years ago?
A
230MYA
10
Q
What is cytokinesis?
A
Cytokinesis is the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
11
Q
What would happen to cytokinesis if a chemical destroyed actin and myosin?
A
Cytokinesis would halt
Actin and myosin have essential roles in cytokinesis and muscle contraction
12
Q
What is the first sign of cleavage in a cell?
A
Cleavage furrow
plants have a cell plate… NOT a cleavage furrow
13
Q
What is the difference between trisomy and monosomy?
A
Trisomy is when a person has 3 of a particular chromosome instead of the usual 2
Monosomy is when a person has 1 chromosome instead of the 2
- **Trisomy has extra chromosome
- **Monosomy is missing a chromosome
14
Q
What is partial monosomy and what syndrome has this?
A
A partial monosomy occurs when only part of one chromosome is lost and is seen in Cri du Chat syndrome (crying cat sounds)
15
Q
What is partial trisomy?
A
The addition of only a portion of another chromosome is seen
16
Q
What is the difference between facultative anaerobes and microaerophiles?
A
Facultative anaerobes: can grow with or without O2 but lies closer to the top of test tube bc aerobic respiration produces more ATP
Micro-aerobes such as H. Pylori require O2 but are harmed by high amounts
17
Q
What do antibiotics do to bacteria?
A
Inhibit bacteria from synthesizing cell walls
18
Q
Which is littler, the left lung or right lung?
A
The left lung hugs the heart so is smaller than
19
Q
Which lung has 3 lobes?
A
Right lung = 3 lobes
Left lung = 2 lobes (cause of the heart)
20
Q
A sensory or afferent neuron sends neurons in which direction?
A. To CNS
B. To PNS
A
A. CNS
21
Q
What is another name for a sensory neuron?
A
Afferent neuron
22
Q
A sensory or afferent neuron is most associated with:
A. muscles B. glands C. receptor cells D. endorphins E. inhibitors
A
C. receptor cells
Sensory (afferent) neurons carry nerve impulses from PNS to CNS (brain or spinal cord)
23
Q
What is another name for a motor neuron?
A
Efferent neuron
24
Q
Which technique will best allow a researcher to examine genes in a particular cell type, and determine if they are expressed?
A. Centrifugation B. electrophoresis C. DNA microarray technology D. FRAP E. Somatic cell transfer
A
C. DNA microarray technology
Microarray technology allows a researcher to examine many genes and determine which are expressed in a particular cell type.
***Microarray allows you to determine gene expression
25
What is a monotreme?
mammal that lays eggs
26
Which of the following is a monotreme?
```
A. Donald the duck
B. Ally the alligator
C. Kevin the kangaroo
D. Mickey the mouse
E. Paulie the platypus
```
E. Platypus
- ducks, alligators, and mouses are not mammals
- kangaroos are marsupials
27
What is the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of fungi comprised of?
Chitin
28
What is Chitin comprised of?
polysaccharides containing glucose molecules with nitrogen groups attached
Chitin is actually a polymer of amino sugars
29
Does the Na+/K+ pump require energy?
Yes to pump Na+ and K+ against its concentration gradient
30
The NA+/K+ pump pumps __#__ Na+ __in/out___ of the cell and pumps __#__ K+ ___in/out___ the cell.
3 Na+ OUT the cell
2 K+ IN the cell
31
What is Ouabain and what does it do?
Ouabain is a poison that will interfere with the NA/K+ pump and cause Na+ build up inside of the cell
32
What type of protein is the Na+/K+ pump?
Integral protein
33
Which valve is at the junction of the small and large intestine?
```
A. Mitral valve
B. Ileocecal valve
C. Semilunar valve
D. Gastric valve
E. Pyloric valve
```
B. Ileocecal valve
This valve will prevent the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine vice versa
34
What does colchicine do to microtubule activity?
colchicine inhibits microtubule activity
35
What does colchicine do to the mitotic cycle of plants and animals?
Colchicine blocks the mitotic cycle of plants and animals
NOTE: colchicine medications are taken for gout (arthritis)
36
What is colchicine?
Colchicine is an alkaloid that inhibits the polymerization of tubular into microtubules
*mitosis would stop if colchicine was present*
37
What is the mitotic spindle comprised of?
Microtubules and associated proteins
38
What does the thyroid gland produce?
```
A. Thyroxine
B. Triiodothyronine
C. Calcitonin
D. All of the above
E. Calcitrol
```
The thyroid gland produces hormones such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine
The thyroid also releases calcitonin
39
What does calcitonin do to calcium levels in the blood?
Calcitonin lowers calcium levels in the blood
40
If radioactive I-131 is ingested with water, where will it concentrate in the human body?
Thyroid (iodine)
41
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles ___increases/decreases___ the rate of filtration of the kidneys.
Vasoconstriciton of afferent arterioles = Decreased rate of filtration
Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and leaves via the efferent arteriole
42
What does vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles cause?
increased rate of filtration
If the efferent arteriole is constricted, blood cannot flow passed the constricted point; this causes an increase in glomerular pressure as blood backs up into the glomerulus consequently the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is increased and the filtration rate rises.
43
Which system's (parasympathetic/sympathetic) innervations primarily affects the afferent arterioles and decreases the volume of urine flow?
Sympathetic innervations of the kidneys primarily will affect the afferent arterioles and cause constriction and would reduce urine output
44
Which of the below molecules exert its action within the target cell by only interacting with cell-surface receptors?
```
A. Estrogen
B. Testosterone
C. Progesterone
D. Insulin
E. More than one of these
```
D. Insulin
Steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) bind to NUCLEAR receptors NOT cell-surface receptors
45
Which is unique to angiosperms?
```
A. Secondary growth
B. Double pollination
C. Double fertilization
D. Alternations of generations
E. Cross pollination
```
C. Double fertilization
One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg; we from a 2N zygote. Now, the other sperm nucleus fertilizes the two haploid central nuclei forming a 3N endosperm nucleus, which is a nutritive tissue.
46
What's the purpose of the endosperm in plants?
Endosperm = nutrients
47
Do earthworms have respiratory organs?
No, passive diffusion of O2 through moist skin
48
Why is salt dangerous to earthworms?
The earthworms respire through MOIST skin since they do not have any respiratory organs. Salt can destroy the sensitive skin of the earthworm and cause death
49
Connective tissue binds and supports different types of tissues and organs. Which germ layer is it derived from?
Mesoderm---> connective tissue
Connective tissue is derived from the mesoderm which consists of various types of cells such as fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages
50
Which process is common to both aerobic and anaerobic organisms?
```
A. The Krebs cycle
B. Fermentation
C. Glycolysis
D. Electron transport chain
E. All of these
```
C. Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a the single metabolic pathway that will occur in all living cells
51
Identical twins are made possible due to:
```
A. Determine cleavage
B. Indeterminate cleavage
C. Mutations
D. Nondisjunction
E. Spiral cleavage
```
B. Indeterminate cleavage
52
A biology student added I2-KI reagent to an unknown compound dissolved in water in a test tube. The solution turned blue-black. The unknown compound is most likely?
```
A. Pure water
B. Amylose (starch)
C. Protein
D. Cellulose
E. Glucose
```
B. Amylose (starch)
Starch contains amylose and amylopectin. I2 reacts with I- to form I3-. The I3- molecule inserts itself into the amylose "coiled" structure and forms a complex that appears blue-black. Only amylose reacts
53
What vessel carries blood away from the liver toward the heart?
Hepatic vein
The hepatic veins will empty into the inferior vena cava allowing blood to be returned to the general circulation
54
A patient is examined for liver disease and has jaundice, a yellow coloring of the skin. What may be the cause of the yellow coloring?
Excess bilirubin
Liver problems can prevent the normal removal of bile pigments via the digestive tract. If bile pigments such as bilirubin get into circulation, they can cause skin discoloration as seen in jaundice
55
What are the 4 distinct altitudinal zones?
Lowlands--> montane--> sub-alpine--> alpine
56
What distinguishing factors do these zones depend on?
Sunlight, soil composition, elevation, humidity and temperature
As you get higher, temperature and specie number decrease
57
What type of environment can be seen in the montane zone?
Montane zone forests include fir, spruce and pine trees
58
Match the following marine zones:
1. Benthic zone
2. Aphotic zone
3. Photic zone
4. Intertidal zone
a. Zooplankton
b. non-photosynthetic plants
c. Land meets water
d. The bottom surface of the sea floor
Benthic zone - bottom surface of sea floor
Aphotic zone - non-photosynthetic plants
Photic zone - Zooplankton
Intertidal zone - land meets water
59
How many turns of the Calvin cycle produce 1 glucose in photosynthesis?
6 turns of the Calvin cycle produces 1 glucose
60
Where (which plant organelle) are the enzymes essential for the Calvin cycle?
Stroma
The stroma of chloroplast contains the calvin cycle enzymes
61
What are the two pigments used in photosynthesis?
chlorophyll & carotenoids
62
The photoreceptors of the retina of the eye contain _______ and ________.
Rods and Cones
63
What is the difference between the rods and cones of the retina of the eye?
Rods = night vision (black and white)
Cones = color (daytime)
64
What is the function of the Ciliary muscle?
Adjusts lens shape in the eye
65
Where are the Papillary muscle located in the human body?
The heart obviously
66
Where is Papillae located in the human body and what is its function?
Papillae is located on the tongue and are rough projections that provides friction for handling food and contains taste buds
67
Which is true of an echinoderm?
```
A. They include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
B. Adults display radial symmetry
C. No segmentation
D. They are all invertebrates
E. All of the above
```
E. All of the above
68
A humming bird looks very similar to a sunbird. Hummingbirds live in North and South America, while the sunbird is from Asia and Africa. This is an example of:
```
A. Continental Drift
B. Converegent Evolution
C. Divergent Evolution
D. Habitat Selection
E. Adaptive Radiation
```
B. Convergent Evolution
69
What is the difference between Convergent Evolution and Divergent Evolution?
Convergent Evolution occurs when species have *different* ancestral origins but have developed similar features
Divergent Evolution occurs when two separate species evolve differently from a common ancestor
70
What is the definition of Adaptive Radiation?
Rapid evolution of many species from a single ancestor; occurs when ancestral species is introduced to an area where diverse geographic/ecological conditions are available for colonization.
71
What is erythropoietin?
Erythropoietin is a hormone released from the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
72
A Pluripotent stem cell gives rise to: (3 things)
1. RBCs (erythrocytes)
2. Platelets
3. Leukocytes
73
A stroke is the death of ______ _______ in the brain:
Nervous tissue
74
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot that forms in a vessel abnormally
75
List these from most abundant to least abundant:
1. erythrocyte
2. platelets
3. leukocytes
erythrocytes > platelets > leukocytes
76
During an injury, the release of ________ will cause vasodilation, and will allow ______ to migrate out of blood capillaries.
During an injury, the release of _histamines_ will cause vasodilation, and will allow _WBCs_ to migrate out of blood capillaries.
77
What are prostaglandins?
Prostaglandins are modified fatty acids that induce fever, pain sensation and inflammation
78
What medication inhibits prostaglandin activity?
Aspirin
79
What organ can act as a endocrine and exocrine system?
Pancreas
80
_______________ can act as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine
81
What does the adrenal gland produce? (hormones)
Aldosterone and cortisol as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine
82
The exocrine tissue in the pancreas produces _____, _______, ______, and exports them to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct.
lipase, amylases and proteases
83
What 2 hormones does the pancreas produce?
B-cells produce insulin
a-cells produce glucagon
84
What is the difference between the exocrine and endocrine systems?
exocrine system are glands that secrete their products through ducts opening onto an epithelium rather than directly into the bloodstream like the endocrine system
85
What hormone in insects is involved in molting and metamorphosis?
Ecdysone (remember cuticle)
86
Prostaglandins are modified proteins involved in inflammation, pain and fever.
(T/F)
FALSE
Prostaglandins are NOT proteins... they are fatty acids
87
What type of cell is a myeloma?
A myeloma is a cancer cell that may be cultured *indefinitely*
88
During which trimester of pregnancy is the main period in which organs are formed?
1st trimester = organ formation
89
During which trimester is the embryo most sensitive to drugs and radiation?
During the 1st trimester because of rapid organ development
90
At about ___ weeks, and embryo is called a _____.
8 weeks ---> fetus
91
At ___ weeks, eyes, heart, liver, pancreas and limb buds have begun to develop.
5 weeks (eyes, heart, liver, pancreas and limb buds)
92
Located in the plasma membrane, a scientist noted an integral transmembrane protein that consisted of two alpha and two beta subunits joined by a disulfide bond. If the scientist needs to disrupt the dimer for study, what conditions would most likely be employed?
A. Oxidizing conditions
B. Reducing condition
B. Reducing conditions
The disulfide bond must be broken; hence reducing conditions must be employed
(I guess reduction breaks bonds and oxidation makes bonds)
93
An enzyme capable of unwinding a DNA duplex is called:
```
A. Ligase
B. Helicase
C. Phosphorylase
D. Dehydrogenase
E. Endonuclease
```
B. Helicase
94
A bacterial protein cleaves DNA at specific sites to help defend against an invader such as a virus. Which correctly identifies this "biochemical scissor"?
```
A. Restriction endonuclease
B. Ligase
C. Helicase
D. Dehydrogenase
E. All of the above
```
A. Restriction endonuclease
- Endonuclease have the ability to cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides
- Ligase glues DNA strands together
- Helicase unwinds DNA
Dehydrogenase is involved in redox rxns (ETC)
95
Which bacteria can form endospores?
gram-positive bacteria
96
What does the endospore in bacteria do for them?
Endospores of bacteria are resistant to extremes of temperature, chemicals, toxins, detergents, as well as radiation.
Microorganisms can adapt to environmental changes using endospores as their strategy
97
Lymph nodes contain which WBCs?
B-lymphocytes (B-cells), T-lymphocytes(T-cells) and macrophages
98
What is the most abundant WBC?
Neutrophils (60%)
99
What is the difference between analogous structures and homologous structures?
Give an example of 2 animals that have analogous structures:
Analogous structures share NO common ancestor but show similar function.
eg. insect wings and bird wings are analogous structures
100
What is the criteria needed to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. Large population
2. Random mating
3. Isolation from other populations
4. No mutation
5. No natural selection
(meiosis will NOT effect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because the gene frequency is NOT altered for these genes to keep going back into the gene pool)
101
In genetics, what is the difference between Founders effect and Bottleneck effect?
Founders effect introduces new genes
Bottleneck effect reduced overall genetic variability
102
Consider the fact that spiders spin webs, animals flock together, and fish swim together. Which term best applies?
```
A. Habituation
B. Classical conditioning
C. Fixed-action patter
D. Imprinting
E. Learned behavior
```
C. Fixed-action pattern
| these are not learned
(reflexes are the simplest of fixed-action patterns)
103
In animal behavior, what is the difference between Habituation and imprinting?
Habituation is a learned behavior that allows animals to disregard meaningless stimuli
Imprinting happens only at the critical period (youth)
104
Tell me everything you know about lymph and the lymphatic system:
- Lymph is a tissue fluid that contains water, proteins, salts, sugar and urea.
- The lymphatic system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood
* The lymphatic system absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transports them to the venous circulation
* Provides defense against microorganisms
105
Which system is most closely involved in removing excess fluid pathogens, dead blood cells, and cellular debris from the cells and the tissue spaces between them?
```
A. Endocrine
B. Circulatory
C. Lymphatic
D. Nervous
E. Digestive
```
C. Lymphatic
The lymphatic system aids the immune system in destroying pathogens. The human body has approximately 650 lymph nodes which filter the lymph (a tissue fluid containing water, salts, proteins, etc.) before returning it to circulation. "Swollen glands" are actually lymph nodes filled with WBCs.
Like veins, lymphatic vessels have one-way valves. At the base at the neck, the lymph enters the subclavian veins and becomes plasma in the blood.
