questions !

Question 1

insulin receptor type

Answer 1

tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 2

growth hormone receptor

Answer 2

cytokine receptor

Question 3

calcium sensing receptor

Answer 3

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 4

nerves of the cavernous sinus

Answer 4

III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V1 - ophthalmic nerve
V2 - maxillary nerve
VI - abducens

Question 5

which structure is most at risk during total thyroidectomy?

Answer 5

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 6

insulin effect on DNA synthesis

Answer 6

increases DNA synthesis

Question 7

insulin effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis?

Answer 7

decreases

Question 8

effect of insulin of hepatic glycogen synthesis

Answer 8

increases

Question 9

effect of insulin of adiposes lipolysis

Answer 9

decreases

Question 10

what % of dextrose should be used in hypoglycaemia treatment

Answer 10

10 or 20 %

Question 11

when must patients on insulin always check their blood glucose

Answer 11

before they drive

Question 12

what is the target action of dapagliflozin?

Answer 12

inhibits SGLT2

reduces glucose reabsorption + increase urine glucose exretion

Question 13

diabetic foot ulcer with fever, nausea + night sweats

Answer 13

start IV antibiotics

• dont wait for swab results - may take days

Question 14

scintigraphy uptake in thyroiditis

Answer 14

no uptake

Question 15

Graves patient taking carbimazole presents with severe sore throat + fever - what do you do?

Answer 15

stop cabimazole immediately + request urgent FBC

agranulocytosis !

Question 16

non-functioning pituitary tumour initial treatment

Answer 16

hydrocortisone

give steroid n worry about rest later

Question 17

patient with marked BP + hypokalaemia, what should be done to investigate Conn’s?

Answer 17

paired renin + aldosterone measurement

saline suppression test later

Question 18

test for acromegaly

Answer 18

suppress growth hormone - do this via oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Question 19

patient with Addisons has food poisoning with D+V, now hypotensive + tachycardia, treatment?

Answer 19

Give IV saline + hydrocortison

hydro more important than fludrocortisone, fludro not as urgent

Question 20

sodium levels in diabetes insipidus

Answer 20

HYPERnatraemia

Question 21

most important side effect of carbimazole

Answer 21

sore throat - agranulocytosis (bone marrow suppression)

Graves disease

Question 22

what type of drug is dapagliflozin?

Answer 22

gliflozins = SGLT-2 inhibitor

reversibly inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary glucose excretion.

Question 23

what type of drug is linagliptin?

Answer 23

DPP-4 inhibitor

increase levels of incretins (GLP-1 and GIP) by decreasing their peripheral breakdown

Question 24

which part of the adrenal gland is most likely at fault in a dysfunctional renin-angiotensinogen system dysfunction?

Answer 24

zona glomerulosa –> produces aldosterone

zona fasciculata = glucocorticoids
zona reticularis = androgens

Question 25

potassium levels in conns, cushings, addisons and phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 25

``` conns = hypOkaleamia cushings = hypOkaleamia phaeochromocytoma = hypOkaleamia ``` addisions = hyPERkalaemia

Question 26

What type of cells secrete parathyroid hormone?

Answer 26

chief cells | - produced in response to hypocalcaemia

Question 27

What electrolyte disturbance would make you consider a diagnosis of SIADH?

Answer 27

hyponatraemia excessive ADH. Therefore, excessive water is reabsorbed into the blood. This excess of water in the blood dilutes sodium, causing a hyponatraemia.

Question 28

what type of drug is eplernone?

Answer 28

Eplerenone and spironolactone are aldosterone antagonists. They are commonly used in severe heart failure, particularly following an MI. They are also used hyperaldosteronism.

Question 29

In what disease could you find pretibial myxoedema?

Answer 29

Graves Pretibial Myxoedema is a dermatological condition where there are deposits of mucin under the skin on the anterior aspect of the leg (pre-tibial area). This gives a discoloured, waxy, oedematous appearance to the skin over this area

Question 30

What type of cells produce adrenalin in the adrenal glands?

Answer 30

chromaffin cells A pheochromocytoma is a tumour of the chromaffin cells, that secretes unregulated, excessive adrenalin Adrenalin is a “catecholamine” hormone

Question 31

potassium levels in Conns?

Answer 31

hypOkalaemia Aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen excretion at the kidneys. Therefore, you expect to find hypokalaemia, hypertension (due to excessive sodium – serum sodium is usually the higher end of normal) and alkalosis.

Question 32

effects of cortisol on the body

Answer 32

``` Inhibits the immune system Inhibits bone formation Raises blood glucose Increases metabolism Increases alertness ```