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1
Q

Name the parts of the midbrain and their functions

A

Superior colliculus - vision
Inferior colliculus - hearing
Substantial nigra - movement

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2
Q

Name the parts of the diencephalon and their functions

A

Thalamus- relays sensory information except olfactory
Hypothalamus- regulates essential functions such as hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour

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3
Q

Name the anatomical parts of the limbic system and their functions

A

Hippocampus- learning and new memories
Amygdala- emotional behaviour and emotional memories
Cingulate cortex- linking behaviour to motivation and learning

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4
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located and what are its basic functions?

A

It’s located anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus. Its basic functions are for the regulation of movement and cognition/behaviour

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5
Q

What disorder occurs if there is damage to the visual identification of the temporal lobe?

A

Prosobagnosia- difficulty recognising objects and familiar faces

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6
Q

Which large blood vessels are involved in the anterior circulatory system?

A

Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

What large blood vessels are linked to the posterior articulatory system?

A

Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

What parts of the brain does the Anterior Cerbral Artery supply and the functions associated with them?

A

Supplies the:
Prefrontal cortex - executive function
Anterior/superior (dorsal) frontal lobe- motor cortex
Superior medial parietal lobe - sensory cortex and spatial orientation
Cingulate gyrus - emotion, regulation and movement

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9
Q

What parts of the brain does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply and the functions associated with them?

A

Supplies the;
Posterior/inferior frontal lobe - Broca’s area (handiness and dominance)
Inferior motor cortex (vocal articulation and face/ arm movements)
Herschel’s gyrus- primary auditory cortex and lateral sulcus

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10
Q

What parts of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply and the functions associated with them?

A

Supplies the;
Ventrolateral/ventromedial temporal lobe - semantic processing and long term memory
Occipital lobe- vision and object recognition
Fusiform gyrus- facial recognition and visual word from recognition

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11
Q

Name the three types of ischaemic stroke and their basic characteristics

A

Thrombic - blood clot
Embolic- lice of blood clot
Lacunar- blood vessels

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12
Q

What type of stroke is this describing?

Ulcer on artery wall
Leads to slow blood flow
Due to atherosclerosis

A

Thrombic blood clot

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13
Q

What stroke is this describing?

Part of an embolus clot or plaque deposit
Formed elsewhere in the body and breaks off causing a blockage in the cerebral artery

A

Embolic stroke

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14
Q

Where would an Embolic stroke usually form and what neurodegenerative disorder could be associated with it?

A

Usually form in middle cerebral artery of the left hemisphere and is often associated with aphasia

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15
Q

Name the stroke from thee characteristics:

Often related to hypertension
Blockage of small artery
Associated with deep structures in the brain

A

Lacunar stroke

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16
Q

How does a cerebral haemorrhage contribute to neurological damage?

A

Causes displacement of the brain tissue
Increased intracerebral pressure
Destruction at site of bleeding

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17
Q

What are the three types of cerebral haemorrhage strokes?

A

Intracerebral
Subarachnoid
Subdural

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a treatment of stroke?

Thrombolysis
Hemicraniectomy
Retirotopic
Coiling

A

Retriotopic

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19
Q

What structural imaging technique does these characteristics describe?

-series of x-rays from different angels
-combines images into horizontal sections
- different absorption depending on tissue density

A

CT scan

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20
Q

What structural imaging technique does these characteristics describe?

-variable density
-energy signals reveal brain structures with different molecular compositions
-two different detectors at right angles which pick up different things

A

MRI

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21
Q

What are the negatives to an MRI ?

A

Not suitable for people with metal implants
Makes loud hammering noise
Requires patient to sit still

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22
Q

What is the structural imaging technique that is an adaptation of MRI and specifically detects the direction of blood flow, focusing on white matter rather than neurons?

A

DTI

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23
Q

What are the two types of dynamic brain imaging techniques?

A

PET and fMRI

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24
Q

What dynamic brain imaging technique do these characteristics describe ?

  • based on blood volume
  • signal depends on radioactive tracer
    -low temporal resolution
  • low spatial resolution
  • effective for whole brain
A

PET

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25
What dynamic brain imaging technique do these characteristics describe ? -based on blood oxygen - no radioactive elements -high temporal resolution - high spatial resolution
fMRI
26
What brain infection is caused by the transmission of bacteria through respiratory droplets?
Meningococcal meningitis
27
Which brain infection is caused by enteroviruses and lives in the intestinal tract? A: tuberculous B: meningocococcol C: aseptic
C: Aseptic
28
What are the general causes of encephalitis?
HSV Measles, mumps, rabies
29
What Brian infection are these characteristics associated with? -mental change -disorientations -sensory loss -spasticity A: encephalitis B: meningococcal meningitis C: aseptic meningitis
A: Encephalitis
30
What are the cells involved in intrinsic cerebral tumours and their roles?
Abstrocytes- nutrition and repair Olgodentrytes- support and insulation of axons via MS Ependymocytes- production of CSF Migrocoglia- immune defense in CNS
31
Which of these characteristics best describes someone with a pituitary tumour? A: hearing disturbances, dizziness, vertigo, facial numbness B: visual disturbances, hormonal changes
B: Visual disturbances and hormonal changes
32
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic tumours?
Intrinsic tumours are within the brain tissue and arise from abnormal cell division, whereas extrinsic tumours occur in the intracranial structures outside of the brain
33
What are the key subdivisions of the PFC and their roles?
Lateral PFC - controlled responses to sensory input Medial PFC - reward seeking and emotions
34
Which of these is associated with the control of behaviour and social rules? A: Dorsolateral B: ventrolateral C: ventromedial D: Dorsomedial
C: ventromedial
35
What disorder of the prefrontal cortex is associated with damage to the Dorsolateral and has difficulties in planning and task completetion?
Dysexecutive function
36
Disorders in which part of the PFC can be characterised by inflexibility and perseveration?
Dorsolateral- connections from visual, auditory and somatosensory
37
Which two tests can be done to test for disorders in the Dorsolateral subdivision of the PFC?
Dimensional change card sort test Wisconsin card sorting test
38
Which subdivision of the medial PFC is associated with sense of self, distinction of self and TOM?
Dorsomedial
39
Which part of the Brian is associated with disinhibition syndrome and what difficulties are characterised by it?
Associated with the ventromedial. Difficulties in social behaviour, and lack of inhibition
40
What causes vascular dementia?
Damage to the blood vessels, Brain cells are starved of oxygen
41
What causes Alzheimer’s?
Plaques and tangles causing loss of nerve cells and brain tissue
42
What are the key characteristics of vascular dementia?
- gait disturbances - impaired executive function - impact on speech and language and swallowing
43
What are the key characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?
-episodic memory more than semantic memory - language and visiospatial skills - changes in mood
44
Which protein is associated with Lewy bodies dementia ?
alpha-synuclein
45
What are the characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies?
Fluctuation in attention and alertness Hallucinations and delusions Movement problems Anomia
46
What are the types of primary progressive aphasia?
Logopenic progressive aphasia Semantic dementia Progressive non-fluent aphasia
47
What is the excitatory process within the basal ganglia?
Inhibits activity to the thalamus Lowers input to the cortex Reduction in force
48
What is the inhibitory process within the basal ganglia?
Thalamic activity less inhibited Higher input to cortex Increase in the force
49
What are the symptoms of hyperkinetic disorders, and what is an example of one?
Involuntary and exaggerated movements Tourette’s syndrome
50
What are the symptoms of a hypokinetic disorder and an example of one?
Muscle rigidity and difficulty initiating movements Parkinson’s disease
51
What disorder can occur due to damage in the parietal cortex?
Apraxia
52
What are the types of apraxia and their features?
Ideometer - plan and complete voluntary movements Constructional- spatial organisation
53
Which part of the brain moderates the force of movement?
Basal ganglia
54
What are the brains short term responses to experience?
Synaptic changes altering strength and efficiency of connections between neurons
55
Do these characteristics describe long term potentiation or long term depression? -persistent weakening of synaptic connections -Occurs when synaptic activity is reduced or less frequent
Long term depression
56
What are the lifespan changes that occur in response to experience?
Brain undergoes Neuroplasticity. Neurons create new connections, strengthen existing connections and generate new cells.
57
What are the characteristics of long term potentiation?
Persistent strengthening Repetitive stimulation which leads to increased efficacy
58
What is cranial nerve 9 and its role?
Glossopharyngeal - taste and swallowing
59
What is cranial nerve 3 and its role?
Occulomotor- eye movement and blinking
60
What is cranial nerve 4 and its role?
Trochlear - eye movements
61
What cerebral arteries make up the circle of Willis?
Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery
62
What part of the brain does the basal artery supply?
Brain stem and cerebellum

Brain And Behaviour Questions (3 decks)

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