questions Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Define Public International Law.
A
Body of law governing relationships between nations, covering areas like law of the sea, trade law, and more.
2
Q
What does Private International Law govern?
A
Relationships between citizens of different countries, including business contracts, adoptions, marriages, and more.
3
Q
Why do we need International Law according to the notes?
A
To address international (dis)order, promote cooperation, create shared expectations, and reduce knowledge gaps.
4
Q
What are the types of institutions created by states to facilitate coordination and cooperation?
A
Constitutional institutions, fundamental institutions, and issue-specific institutions (regimes).
5
Q
What role does International Law play in world politics?
A
It is one of the most crucial fundamental institutions for understanding cooperation and order among states.
6
Q
What are the historical roots of International Law largely informed by?
A
Political liberalism and transformative revolutions in thought and practice.
7
Q
What was the concept of law before the French Revolution?
A
Law was mainly seen as the command of a legitimate superior, derived from God or nature.
8
Q
What is Natural Law?
A
A legal theory asserting universal laws binding all humans, irrespective of context or explicit consent.
9
Q
What era is known as the ‘Positivist Era’ in International Law?
A
The modern period, characterized by viewing law as a contract among legal subjects.
10
Q
What is ‘Voluntary Law’ according to the notes?
A
Man-made rules to which political leaders have consented through agreements or state practice.
11
Q
What events led to the emphasis on ‘universal’ values post-WWII?
A
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention of 1948.
12
Q
What is ‘Communitarian Law’ according to the course notes?
A
Rules collectively made by the international community, prioritizing community interests over individual states.
13
Q
Who were the principal subjects historically in International Law?
A
States, focusing on regulating inter-state relations and questions of (dis)order.
14
Q
What are the key sources of International Law mentioned in the notes?
A
Treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law.
15
Q
What is the International Court of Justice (ICJ) according to the notes?
A
The main judicial organ of the UN, resolving disputes between countries, not a criminal court.
16
Q
Is participation in the International Court of Justice voluntary?
A
Yes, participation by states is voluntary, but once agreed, compliance with the Court’s decision is mandatory.
17
Q
What principle was decolonization founded on?
A
Decolonization was founded on the principle of national self-determination.
18
Q
What were some consequences of decolonization and wars of independence during the Cold War?
A
Decolonization and wars of independence led to proxy wars and entanglement in Cold War dynamics.
19
Q
Identify distinct phases in US-Soviet relations during the Cold War.
A
Distinct phases include containment, détente, and rapprochement.
20
Q
What were important factors in the Cold War besides nuclear weapons?
A
Security alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact played crucial roles.
21
Q
What prompted the end of the Cold War?
A
The costly Soviet-Afghanistan war and domestic reforms by President Gorbachev.
22
Q
What marked the shift from bipolarity to a unipolar world?
A
The end of the Cold War led to a unipolar world, led by the United States.
23
Q
Why is the 1990s considered a unipolar moment?
A
There was no longer a rival to American power, making the world unipolar.
24
Q
What did U.S. President Bill Clinton advocate for in terms of NATO during the 1990s?
A
Clinton pushed for NATO expansion into former Warsaw Pact countries.
25
Describe the Yugoslav Wars that occurred in the 1990s.
Yugoslav Wars were a series of conflicts resulting from the breakup of Yugoslavia.
26
What agreement ended the first phase of the Yugoslav Civil War?
The 1995 Dayton Agreement brought an end to the first phase of the Civil War.
27
What are two ways in which IOs shape state responses to international problems?
Moral authority and technical expertise.
28
How do IOs affect individuals globally?
They shape power distribution and make policies once left to states.
29
What is a crucial goal of the United Nations according to its charter preamble?
To unite nations for peace, social progress, and human rights.
30
How many original member states were part of the United Nations when it was established?
There were 51 original members of the UN.
31
Which major countries are the permanent members with veto power in the UN Security Council?
US, UK, France, Russia, and China (P5).
32
How many non-permanent members does the UN Security Council have?
It has 10 non-permanent members with two-year terms.
33
What is the threshold for passing UNSC decisions?
A majority of nine out of the total 15 members.
34
What actions can the UNSC take under Chapter VII if peaceful settlement measures fail?
Measures can range from economic sanctions to the authorization of force.
35
How is decision-making structured in the UN General Assembly?
Each member state has one vote; a two-thirds majority is required for key decisions.
36
Which individual currently leads the United Nations as Secretary-General?
António Guterres is the current Secretary-General.
37
What is the main function of the Economic and Social Council within the UN?
ECOSOC coordinates economic and social work and links with civil society.
38
What are the principal causes of the current crisis of globalization?
Declining Western hegemony and restructuring of Western capitalism post-2008 GFC.
39
How does economic inequality contribute to the crisis of globalization?
Globalization leads to uneven wealth distribution, leaving some behind.
40
What impact do trade tensions have on globalization?
They disrupt global supply chains and hinder international trade.
41
Explain the role of rising protectionism in the crisis of globalization.
Countries adopt protective measures like tariffs to shield domestic industries.
42
How does technological disruption exacerbate fears about globalization?
Advancements like automation displace jobs, increasing economic insecurity.
43
What historical event is associated with the emergence of the modern international order?
The 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
44
Define international order in the context of political units.
Regularized practices of exchange among discrete political units recognizing independence.
45
When did the modern international order first emerge?
Historically tied to events like the French Revolution and British control.
46
Name three causes of global transformation leading to the Great Divergence.
Industrialization, rational states, and imperialism.
47
Explain the significance of the principle of sovereignty in the modern nation-state.
It denotes political authority claim over a specific geographic territory.
48
What is the main judicial organ of the UN?
International Court of Justice.
49
How many judges are elected to the International Court of Justice?
15 judges elected jointly by the UNGA and the UNSC.
50
What type of disputes does the International Court of Justice decide?
Disputes between countries – not a criminal court.
51
Is participation by states in the International Court of Justice voluntary?
Yes, participation by states is voluntary.
52
What is the purpose of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
Provide a vision for the world in 2030 with broad goals and measurable targets.
53
What did the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) replace?
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
54
What did the reform of economic and social institutions of the UN in the late 1990s aim at?
Improving coordination and clarifying spheres of responsibility.
55
What is the key role of the General Assembly in the UN?
Decision-making.
56
What led to attention to social and economic issues at the UN?
The Cold War and decolonization process.
57
What does Peacekeeping involve according to classical peacekeeping principles?
Peacekeepers only use weapons in self-defense, maintain neutrality, and have the host state's consent.
58
What post-9/11 chain of events led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security?
9/11 set off a chain of events leading to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
59
Which wars were a part of President George W. Bush's declared Global War on Terror?
US-led invasion of Afghanistan (2001-21) and Iraq War (2003-11).
60
How did some scholars view 9/11 in terms of the 'Unipolar Moment'?
Some scholars argue that 9/11 marked the end of the 'Unipolar Moment'.
61
What did the end of the Cold War signify for US foreign policy in the early 1990s?
US foreign policy after the Cold War focused on economic issues, except for NATO expansion.
62
Which actions by Western liberal democratic governments have been criticized as 'liberal hypocrisy'?
Actions like Bush's pre-emptive war, US-led invasion of Afghanistan, and Iraq War.
63
What was the cause of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-08?
Caused by predatory lending, excessive risk-taking, and bursting of the US housing bubble.
64
Describe the Occupy Wall Street Protests in 2011.
Protest against economic inequality, greed, and corporate influence, advocating for the 99%.
65
What was the main focus of the Occupy movement?
The Occupy movement highlighted income and wealth inequality in the US.
66
When did the 'Arab Spring' begin?
The 'Arab Spring' started in Tunisia in December 2010.
67
What was the outcome of the 'Arab Spring' protests?
The protests led to the toppling of governments in various countries and posed challenges to others.
68
What does political cooperation entail in a regional context?
Alignment regarding implementation of certain values and practices.
69
What is the purpose of security cooperation in regional settings?
Establish security communities or norms of non-interference.
70
Define regional integration as explained in the course notes.
Creation of a regional space subject to common rules.
71
What potential impact could greater regional integration have on North America, according to the text?
Enhanced economic cooperation and security or concerns about loss of sovereignty.
72
What are some reasons provided in the notes for the concept of regionalism?
Management of independence, interdependence, internationalization, and distribution of power.
73
How can regionalism both strengthen and weaken the state, as per the notes?
Strengthens through cooperation and pooling resources, weakens by hindering sovereignty.
74
What levels of regionalism have characterized the Americas, according to the notes?
Multiple levels with tension between Inter-Americanism and Latin American integration.
75
How has regionalism in Africa historically emerged, based on the course materials?
Emerged from anti-colonialism and emboldened vision of pan-Africanism.
76
What has shaped Asian regionalism, according to the notes?
Security concerns, market forces, and rivalries between Asian powers.
77
What are the implications of greater regionalism for international order, as mentioned in the text?
Impacts power dynamics, global governance, and can create regional blocs.
78
What were the initial aims of the European Coal and Steel Community?
Supranational management of coal and steel production.
79
Which countries were part of the 'original Six' member states of the EU?
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany.
80
What are some common policies within the European Union?
Trade, competition, agriculture, transport.
81
When was the Maastricht Treaty signed?
Post 1992.
82
What challenges has the EU faced since 2009?
Eurozone crisis, refugee crisis, Brexit, security issues around Ukraine.
83
What are some critiques of regionalism and the EU?
Trade diversion, regulatory structure issues, weak efficiency.
84
What are the dimensions of regionalism as mentioned?
Economic, social, political, security.
85
According to the Lawfare Podcast notes, who emerged as the most powerful nation post Cold War?
USA.
86
What does the concept of 'polarity' refer to?
Distribution of resources among states.
87
Why is the support of allies important for the USA?
To exert power effectively.
88
What is essential for maintaining the global economy according to the Lawfare Podcast notes?
Hegemonic leadership.
89
What is highlighted as necessary to navigate shifting power dynamics?
Long-term planning.
90
What can the ICJ order based on the finding of a breach of IL by a state?
The ICJ can order cessation, prevention, and reparations (restitution, compensation, satisfaction).
91
What can the UN General Assembly ask the ICJ to issue on complex legal matters?
The UN General Assembly can ask the ICJ to issue an advisory opinion.
92
What do laws of war in IL govern?
Laws of war govern when war is legally permitted.
93
What are the two main categories of laws under jus in bello?
Jus in bello governs the legal justifications for waging war and the conduct of war.
94
What are the three categories into which International Humanitarian Law can be divided?
1. Laws governing weaponry. 2. Laws governing combatants. 3. Laws governing non-combatants.
95
What are the four guiding principles for the categories of IHL?
1. Distinction 2. Humanity 3. Military necessity 4. Proportionality
96
What do the 1949 Geneva Conventions and additional protocols outline in IHL?
1. Immunity for wounded soldiers. 2. Impartial treatment of combatants. 3. Protection of civilians. 4. Recognition of the Red Cross symbol.
97
What are the three levels of institutions that exist in international law?
1. Constitutional. 2. Fundamental. 3. Issue-specific.
98
What entities are considered as subjects and objects of international law?
States, International organizations (IOs), Peoples and individuals, NGOs (advocacy groups, TNCs, NSAGs).
99
What do Multilateralism and formal IOs refer to?
Multilateralism refers to coordination, while formal IOs are created for cooperation across states.
100
Why are International Organizations important?
They tend to endure in the international system.
101
What event marked the Refugee Crisis of 2015?
1.3 million people fleeing to Europe and claiming asylum.
102
Explain the rise of populism.
It promotes the general will of the people over ruling elites, challenging liberal order.
103
How did the Global Financial Crisis contribute to the rise of populism?
It was a major shock to the international system, leading to populist movements.
104
What impact did the Arab Spring and Syrian crisis have on Western power?
Resulted in backlash to Western power and the liberal world order.
105
Define International Political Economy (IPE).
It studies the intertwined nature of politics and economies in world politics.
106
What are the central questions in IPE?
Revolve around the concept of power.
107
How is IPE different from conventional accounts?
It includes broader perspectives like constructivist, feminist, and postcolonial critiques.
108
What factors do IPE approaches focus on?
Material capabilities, institutions, and ideas, interpreting their relationships differently.
109
In what way is globalization not new?
It is a process that has proceeded through many phases since the 16th century.
110
Why was the making of the Atlantic world crucial?
It was crucial to the emergence of the West as a dominant power.
111
What does 'world politics' refer to?
Structures, actors, and processes shaping political relations above nation-states.
112
List some actors and dynamics in world politics.
Corporations, terrorist groups, NGOs, non-state armed groups (rebel groups).
113
Define globalization.
Globalization describes increased global interconnectedness due to trade and technology.
114
What are some common metaphors associated with globalization?
Shrinking World, Networked World, Global Village.
115
Explain the positive aspects of globalization.
Economic growth, access to goods/services, cultural exchange/diversity.
116
Discuss the negative aspects of globalization.
Economic inequality, loss of cultural identity, environmental degradation.
117
How do perspectives influence the perception of globalization?
Perception of globalization as positive or negative depends on one's perspective.
118
What are the effects of global connectivity on nations and communities?
Highly complex interdependencies, profound systemic risks.
119
How did economic globalization change post the 2008 GFC?
Global economic flows recovered post-2008 GFC, reaching historic levels.
120
What impact did the 2008 GFC and COVID-19 pandemic have on globalization?
Both crises led to a dramatic impact on global economic flows and connectivity.
121
What characterizes contemporary globalization?
Revolution in transport, transnational governance, shifts in migration patterns.
122
How does globalization impact states?
States still matter but must cooperate more due to global interconnectivity.
123
What are the key aspects of globalization's process?
Stretching activities across borders, intensified interconnectedness, rapid flow of ideas and people.
124
Who are the agents of globalization?
Nation-states, MNCs, IO's, NGOs, individuals.
125
What are the engines of globalization?
Technological change, economics (markets and capitalism), politics (power and institutions).
126
How do materialists view globalization?
As a substantive process of increasing global connectivity.
127
How do constructivists view globalization?
As a social construct rooted in discourse.
128
Describe Amitav Acharya's concept of multiplex order.
Decentred, diverse, complex, pluralistic.
129
What shifts does globalization bring to world politics?
From international to global politics, from the liberal to post-western world order, and from inter-governmental to global governance.
130
What are some challenges to globalization mentioned in the notes?
Global populist revolt, great power rivalry, growing securitization of global connectivity.
131
Explain populism based on the notes.
A political approach where leaders claim to represent the common people against the elite.
132
Will current trends bring an end to globalization and the liberal world order?
Unlikely, but trends may lead to shifts in power, influence, and international relations dynamics.
133
Who directed the documentary 'How to Survive a Plague'?
David France
134
What activist groups are highlighted in the documentary?
ACT UP and TAG
135
What is emphasized as crucial in managing global affairs effectively?
Aligning with the interests of other nations
136
What epidemic is chronicled in the documentary?
AIDS epidemic in the United States
137
What key messages are conveyed in 'How to Survive a Plague'?
Power of grassroots activism, advocacy importance, need for healthcare access
138
What was the main goal of activist groups like ACT UP in the documentary?
Pushing for faster development of HIV/AIDS treatments
139
What impact does the documentary 'How to Survive a Plague' showcase?
Resilience of human spirit and impact of collective action
140
What is highlighted as the ongoing need in the fight against HIV/AIDS?
Medical research, treatments, and support services
141
What event triggered World War I?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
142
What significant document outlined new principles for an international order after WWI?
The Treaty of Versailles.
143
Which agreement renounced war as a tool of foreign policy?
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928.
144
Which organization was created in 1920 to maintain world peace?
The League of Nations.
145
What marked the end of the idealism in international relations post WWI?
The tremendously violent interwar period.
146
What major type of warfare was prominent in WWI?
Trench warfare.
147
Which two dominant forces had a rivalry during the 20th century?
United States and Soviet Union.
148
When did the US enter the Second Indochina War?
1964
149
What was the purpose of NATO?
Collective defense against Soviet expansion
150
What event marked the onset of the Cold War?
Failure to implement Yalta agreements and Korean War
151
How did the Cold War get its name?
George Orwell in an article published in 1945
152
What does Article V of NATO entail?
An attack on one member is an attack on all
153
What does MAD stand for in Cold War context?
Mutually Assured Destruction
154
What major event heightened the risk of nuclear conflict in 1962?
Cuban Missile Crisis
155
What is the significance of NSC Resolution 1325?
It drew attention to the issue of women and armed conflict.
156
What are the four pillars of the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
Prevention, Participation, Protection, Relief and Recovery.
157
Define NGOs.
NGOs are non-state actors with varied sizes, motives, and functions.
158
Explain Transnational NGOs (TNGOs).
They involve domestic NGOs at the international level and international NGOs in domestic politics.
159
What are Transnational Social Movement Organizations (TSMOs)?
Informal coalitions for social change, different from TNGOs.
160
Describe Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs).
They amplify weaker voices, enable collaboration, and may clash on ideologies.
161
What is the essence of regionalism?
Regionalism encompasses economic, social, political, and security dimensions.
162
Explain regional cooperation vs. integration.
Functional cooperation focuses on specific sectors, while economic cooperation involves broader collaboration.
163
What is the relationship between formal institutional arrangements and regional integration?
Formal structures may not always indicate the depth of regional integration.
164
What is a key takeaway regarding regionalization efforts globally?
There are notable differences in approaches to regionalization worldwide.
165
The origin of state sovereignty, recognizing a claim to political authority over a particular territory, was established by:
The 1648 Peace of Westphalia
166
Which one of these developments did NOT play a role in the emergence of modern international order in the 19th century:
hereditary succession
167
Which one of these developments did NOT play a role in the emergence of modern international order in the 19th century:
Non-aligned movement
168
Soviet President Gorbachev's reform policy of openness (referring to a greater acceptance of open discussion of political and social issues and commitment to government transparency) was called:
Glasnost
169
In which country, was an anarcho-capitalist recently elected President riding a wave of populist sentiment and anti-government rhetoric?
Argentina
170
Before a conception of law as a reciprocal accord emerged, the kings and queens who ruled Europe before the nineteenth century thought humanity was subject to:
Jus in bello
171
Which key section of the UN Charter deals with 'Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression'?
Chapter VII
172
Which of the following countries is NOT one of the "Four Asian Tigers" (a term referring to the rapid growth of their economies in the 1990s)?
China
173
In the UN General Assembly:
-Decisions must be passed by a two-thirds majority
-All member states of the UN are represented
-All of the above
-Each member state has one vote
All of the above
