questions

Question 0

define: anoxia

Answer 0

absence of oxygen supply to cells that results in cell damage or death

Question 1

Define: aneurysm

Answer 1

we can spot of the artery wall that has stretched or burst filling the area with blood and causing damage
-if in the brain, damage to nerves results

Question 2

define: anticoagulant

Answer 2

drug that prolongs coagulation time and is used to prevent clot formation

Question 3

define: antiplatelet drug

Answer 3

drug that prevents accumulation of platelets, thereby blocking an important step in the clot formation process

Question 4

define: antithrombotic

Answer 4

drug that inhibits confirmation by reducing the correlation action of the blood protein thrombin

Question 5

define: arthrosclerosis

Answer 5

build up of lipids and plaque inside the artery walls; impeding the flow of blood and oxygen

Question 6

define: arthrothrombosis

Answer 6

formation of blood clot in an artery

Question 7

define: cholesterol

Answer 7

naturally occurring, waxy substance produced by the liver and found in foods that maintain cell membranes and is needed for vitamin D production.

Question 8

define: embolic stroke

Answer 8

stroke caused by an emboli obstructing the flow of blood through an artery

Question 9

define: hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 9

sudden bleeding into or around the brain

Question 10

define: homeostasis

Answer 10

process of stopping the flow of blood

Question 11

define: high-density lipoprotein

Answer 11

good cholesterol

Question 12

define: hyperlipidemia

Answer 12

excess lipids or fatty substances in the blood

Question 13

define: infarction

Answer 13

sudden loss of blood supply to an area that results in cell death

• A myocardial infarction is known as a heart attack
• A cerebral infarction is known as a stroke

Question 14

define: ischemia

Answer 14

reduction of blood supply to tissues that is typically caused by blood vessel obstruction due to arthrosclerosis

Question 15

define: ischemic stroke

Answer 15

ischemia in the brain

Question 16

define: lipoprotein

Answer 16

small globules of cholesterol covered by a layer of protein

Question 17

define: low-density lipoprotein

Answer 17

compound consisting of a lipid and a protein that carries the majority of the total cholesterol in the blood and deposits the excess along the inside of the arterial walls; also known as a bad cholesterol

Question 18

define: plaque

Answer 18

fatty cholesterol deposits

Question 19

define: partial thromboplastin time

Answer 19

test given to determine effectiveness of heparin introducing anti-thrombotic activity

Question 20

define: prothrombin time

Answer 20

test given to determine the effectiveness of warfarin and reducing clotting time

Question 21

define: Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 21

breakdown of muscle fibers and release of muscle fiber contents into the circulation.

Question 22

_________: these muscle fibers are toxic to the kidneys

Answer 22

rhabdomyolysis

Question 23

define: thrombolytic

Answer 23

drug used to dissolve blood clots

Question 24

_______: stroke caused by thrombosis

Answer 24

thrombotic stroke

Question 25

naturally occurring thrombolytic substance

Answer 25

tissue plasminogen activator

Question 26

stroke that typically lasts a few minutes; also known as a mini stroke

Answer 26

transient ischemic attack

Question 27

what is the storage form of energy found in fat tissue muscle?

Answer 27

triglycerides

Question 28

nearly __% of patients will have a second stroke within _______ of the first stroke.

Answer 28

25% | 5 years

Question 29

what causes a stroke?

Answer 29

strokes occur when brain cells are deprived of oxygen or damage by sudden bleeding into the brain

Question 30

what is the most common type of stroke and what is the cause?

Answer 30

ischemic stroke, accounting for 80% | -cause by oxygen deprivation

Question 31

what is the most common cause of the stroke?

Answer 31

blood clots (thrombi or emboli)

Question 32

what are the nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction?

Answer 32

- age - gender - Family history

Question 33

what are some modifiable risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction?

Answer 33

- smoking - alcohol consumption - diet

Question 34

_________ increases the risk for stroke 4-6 times above that of persons without

Answer 34

hypertension

Question 35

_______, A rapid and irregular beating of the atrium chamber of the heart, can increase the risk for clots

Answer 35

atrial fibrillation

Question 36

T/F: infection is a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction

Answer 36

true immune system response bacterial and viral infections is to release infection fighting substances that also increase inflammation.

Question 37

what are some lifestyle modifications recommended for people with heart failure?(6)

Answer 37

1. low-salt diet 2. limit the amount of fluid you drink 3. increase physical activity 4. lose weight (if overweight) 5. quit smoking 6. limit alcohol consumption

Question 38

Antithrombotic drugs include:(3)

Answer 38

1. agents that inhibit platelets 2. anticoagulants, which lessen coagulation 3. fibrinolytic agents

Question 39

what is the mechanism of action for antiplatelet drugs?

Answer 39

produce their effect by interfering with the steps in the clot formation process

Question 40

some adverse reactions of antiplatelet drugs?(4)

Answer 40

Black, tarry stools blood and vomit, urine or stools nosebleeds Red or purple spots on the skin

Question 41

what are some other side effects associated with antiplatelet drugs?

Answer 41

skin rash or itching stomach pain paint at injection site

Question 42

what nonprescription drugs can cause interactions with antiplatelet drugs?(3)

Answer 42

NSAIDs vitamin supplements (fish oil) herbs (feverfew, garlic, ginger)

Question 43

Antiplatelet drug should not be combined with ____________ without medical supervision.

Answer 43

anticoagulants

Question 44

what to anticoagulant drugs can be administered orally?

Answer 44

1. warfarin | 2. dabigatran

Question 45

what is heparin?

Answer 45

an anticoagulant that is derived from pig intestines or cow lungs

Question 46

what is low molecular weight heparins?

Answer 46

produced by separating the heparin fragments, after the extraction process.

Question 47

what are the uses of heparins and LMWHs?(7)

Answer 47

1. treatment of deep venous thrombosis 2. early treatment of MCI and unstable angina 3. prevention of pulmonary embolism 4. prevention of secondary MCI 5. prevention of clotting in indwelling catheters 6. prevention of clotting in devices used in cardiac surgery 7. bridge therapy with warfarin

Question 48

how are LMWH and heparin different?

Answer 48

- LMWH can be dosed less frequently than heparin, yet they are equally effective - LMWH has higher bioavailability, increased half-life, fewer side effects and less protein binding

Question 49

why are higher doses of heparin required compared to LMWHs?

Answer 49

higher doses of heparin must be administered because of protein binding

Question 50

when is the maximum effects of warfarin achieved after initiating therapy? Why?

Answer 50

4 to 5 days | -because warfarin does not block the activity of existing quite elation factors

Question 51

T/F: warfarin is the only anticoagulant that is not protein-bound

Answer 51

false | warfarin is highly protein-bound, so it interacts with many other drugs

Question 52

explain bridge therapy with LMWH.

Answer 52

patients transferring between injections of LMWH and oral therapy with warfarin may take both drugs for a brief time.

Question 53

when is bridge therapy discontinued?

Answer 53

first therapy is continued into warfarin therapeutic level is achieved. Typically 2 to 3 days. -then heparin is discontinued

Question 54

T/F: warfarin has an unpredictable and variable effect, a narrow therapeutic window requiring frequent INR monitoring, and numerous food and drug interactions.

Answer 54

true

Question 55

in addition to bleeding, dabigatran may cause _____, _____, & ______.

Answer 55

dyspepsia GERD PUD

Question 56

heparin and LMWH can cause _______.

Answer 56

osteoporosis

Question 57

adverse reactions to anticoagulants include:

Answer 57

- skin rash, itching, fever, pain, irritation or bleeding at the injection site - bruising, bleeding gums, bleeding in the eye, red spots on the skin, nosebleeds, back or stomach pain - Cold, blue, or painful hands and feet - coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, heavy menstrual bleeding, dizziness or fainting spells

Question 58

what warning label should be applied to warfarin?why

Answer 58

avoid pregnancy | -warfarin can cause fetal abnormalities

Question 59

overdose of warfarin or heparin can result in _______ and ______.

Answer 59

hemorrhage and death

Question 60

how is an overdose of warfarin or heparin treated?

Answer 60

A blood transfusion - in some cases warfarin overdose can be reversed by the administration of vitamin K - heparin overdose may be treated by the administration of protamine sulfate

Question 61

warfarin tablets are ________ to reduce medication errors

Answer 61

Color-coded