Questions Flashcards by Zach S

what muscles attach to the mastoid process? (4)

(1) SCOM
(2) posterior digastric
(3) spelnius capitis
(4) longissimus capitis

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what muscles attach to the styloid process? (3)

(1) stylohyoid
(2) styloglossus
(3) stylopharyngeus

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what is the attachment for the occipitalis and frontalis muscles?

epicranial (galea) aponeurosis

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what are the 5 layers of the scalp from most superficial to deep?

(1) skin
(2) dense connective tissue
(3) aponeurosis
(4) loose connective tissue
(5) pericranium

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what is the muscle action of the occipitalis?

retracts the scalp

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what is the muscle action of the frontalis?

protracts the scalp

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what is the synergistic muscle action of the occipitalis and frontalis?

elevate eyebrows and wrinkle forehead

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what are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

CN V(1): ophthalmic nerve
CN V(2): maxillary nerve
CN V(3): mandibular nerve

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what muscles does the mandibular nerve innervate? (4)

(1) masseter
(2) medial temporalis
(3) lateral and medial pterygoid
(4) mylohyoid
(5) anterior digastric
(6) tensor tympani
(7) tensor veli palatini

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what are the 5 cutaneous branches of the opthalmic nerve?

(1) supraorbital
(2) supratrochlear
(3) lacrimal
(4) infratrochlear
(5) external nasal

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what are the 3 cutaneous branches of the maxillary nerve?

(1) infraoribital
(2) zygomaticofacial
(3) zygomaticotemporal

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what are the 3 cutaneous branches of the mandibular nerve?

(1) auriculotemporal
(2) buccal
(3) mental

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where does the ophthalmic nerve exit the skull?

orbital fissure

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where does the maxillary nerve exit the skull?

foramen rotundum

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where does the mandibular nerve exit the skull?

foramen ovale

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what are two theories as to what causes trigeminal neuralgia?

(1) compression from blood vessels as nerve exits brain stem

(2) arachnoid matter adhesions

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where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

stylomastoid foramen

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what nerve provides taste sensations for anterior 2/3 of tongue?

facial nerve

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what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

(1) temporal
(2) zygomatic
(3) buccal
(4) marginal mandibular
(5) cervical

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what muscles does the temporal branch of the facial nerve innervate? (3)

(1) auricularis superior and anterior
(2) frontalis
(3) orbicularis oculi (superior portion)

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what muscles does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervate? (2)

(1) orbicularis oculi (inferior portion)

(2) facial muscles inferior to orbit

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what muscles does the buccal branch of the facial nerve innervate? (3)

(1) buccinator
(2) orbicularis oris (upper portion)
(3) levator labii sup.

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what muscles does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervate? (3)

(1) depressor anguli oris
(2) depressor labii inf.
(3) mentalis

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what muscles does the cervical branch of the facial nerve innervate? (1)

platysma

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what are a couple observable symptoms of bell's palsy?

(1) inability to close eye | (2) a-symmetrical smile

what do most superficial arteries of the face branch off of?

external carotid artery

what artery is a major artery of the face?

facial artery

what is jugular vein distention a sign of?

cardiac failure

what is the purpose of the meninges?

protect the brain and enclose the subarachnoid space

what are the 3 layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

(1) dura matter: tough, thick external layer (2) arachnoid matter: thin intermediate (3) pia matter: internal vascularized layer

what is the subarachnoid space? what does it contain?

made of the 4 ventricles of the brain; cerebral spinal fluid

what is the outer layer that adheres to the cranial bones?

bilaminar membrane (1) outer periosteal layer (2) internal meningeal layer

what is the TMJ influenced by? (3)

(1) posture (2) teeth (3) tongue

which way is the jaw pulled with forward head posture?

down and back

the shape of the face is influenced by what?

posture

what way are the condyles of the mandible oriented? what way is the mandibular fossa oriented?

(1) condyles: anterior and lateral | (2) fossa: posterior and lateral

because the TMJ is a convex on convex, what makes this joint more congruent?

the disc

what is the function of the collateral ligaments of the TMJ?

position the articular disc on the condyle

what is the function of the temporomandibular ligaments?

limit posterior and downward movement

what prevents forward movement of the disc of the TMJ?

superior stratum

what pulls the disc posteriorly during closing?

inferior stratum

what is the role of the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments?

limit excessive opening of mouth

where is the disc located when the mouth is fully open? how does it reach this position?

between the condyle and articular eminence; the condyle rotates and the disc translates on eminence

where does rotation of the condyle take place during the first half of opening your jaw?

lower compartment

where does rotation of the condyle take place during the second half of opening your jaw?

upper compartment

what are the muscles that are active when the jaw is being opened?

(1) suprahyoid: pulls hyoid back and mandible down | (2) lateral pterygoids: pull disc and condyle forward

what muscles are involved with closing the jaw?

(1) masseter (2) temporalis (3) medial pterygoids (all pull the mandible up)

what is the normal ROM for opening at the TMJ?

>= 40mm

what is normal ROM for lateral excursion of TMJ? what about for combined protrusion and retrusion?

(1) 10mm | (2) 10 mm

which way will the jaw deviate with TMJ dysfunction?

to the AFFECTED side

what are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

(1) oral cavity proper | (2) oral vestibule

what artery supplies blood to the lips and gingivae? (2)

superior and inferior labial arteries (which branch off facial)

what structure ties the lips down?

labial frenula

what nerves innervate the lips and gingivae? (2)

(1) infraorbital nerve | (2) mental nerve

what is the purpose of the gingivae?

helps secure teeth and provide a seal around them

how many permanent teeth are there? how are they broken down?

32 teeth - 12 molars - 8 premolars - 4 canines - 8 incisors

what separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

soft palate

where do food and air cross and split to either esophagus or trachea?

pharynx

what artery supplies blood to the tongue?

lingual; which gives rise to 3 branches (1) dorsal lingual (2) deep lingual (3) sublingual

what cranial nerves provide special sensation (taste)? (2)

CN 7 | CN 9

what nerve innervates almost all the muscles of the tongue?

CN 7 (except palatoglossus muscle)

what cranial nerve provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? what about the posterior 1/3?

anterior: CN V(3): mandibular nerve posterior: CN 9

what are the 3 salivary glands? what nerve innervates them?

(1) parotid: CN 9 (2) submandibular: CN 7 (lingual) (3) sub lingual: CN 7

what are the 3 concha? what is their purpose?

(1) superior nasal concha (2) middle nasal concha (3) inferior nasal concha - increase surface area to moisten and warm air

what are the main functions of the para nasal sinuses?

(1) amplify voice | (2) produce mucus to moisten inside of nose

what is the function of the hyoid bone? (2)

(1) muscle attachments for C/S and tongue | (2) keep airway open

what is the action of the platysma?

tense skin (grimace) and pull mandible down

what nerve innervates the platysma

cervical branch of facial nerve

what structure divides the neck into anterior and lateral regions?

SCOM

what are the actions of the SCOM? (3)

``` unilateral (1) ipsilateral side flexion (2) contralateral rotation bilateral (1) extension ```

what are the actions of the traps? (4)

``` unilateral (1) ipsilateral side flexion (2) contralateral rotation (3) elevate scapula bilateral (1) extension ```

what runs through the occipital triangle? (2)

occipital artery and CN XI

what runs through the omoclavicular triangle? (2)

(1) external jugular vein | (2) subclavian artery

what is the function of the suprahyoid muscles? (3)

(1) connect hyoid to cranium (2) provide a base for tongue (3) elevate hyoid while speaking/swallowing

what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles? (2)

(1) anchor hyoid to sternum, clavicle, and scapula | (2) depress hyoid while speaking/swallowing

what is in the submandibular triangle?

submandibular gland and lymph nodes

what is in the carotid triangle? (2)

(1) carotid artery bifurcation | (2) CN XII

what is the muscle action of the splenius capitis? (3)

``` unilateral (1) ipsilateral rotation (2) ipsilateral side flexion bilateral (1) extension ```

what is the muscle action of the levator scapulae? (3)

(1) ipsilateral rotation (2) ipsilateral side flexion (3) elevation of scaupla (4) downward rotation of scaupla

what are the parts of the subclavian artery from proximal to distal?

(1) medial (2) posterior (3) lateral

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off of?

vagus nerve