Quick checks and other stuff NO BINGO!

Question 0

Quick check : regarding protein digestion and absorption:

Answer 0

AA are absorbed like glucose via sodium cotransport

Question 1

Quick check: slow waves

Answer 1

(B) have different basic electrical rhythm in each area of the GI tract

Question 2

What is a cause of gastritis?

Answer 2

Pernicious anemia from a deficiency of B12

Also h. Pylori

Question 3

What is a treatment for h. Pylori?

Answer 3

Antibiotics

Question 4

What do NSAIDS inhibit in regards to gastritis and ulcerative diseases?

Answer 4

Prostaglandins, so you don’t get a protective layer

Question 5

What is chronic gastritis?

Answer 5

when parietal cells are destroyed

Question 6

What is achlorhydria

Answer 6

lack of stomach acid secretions

Question 7

what age is chronic mild gastritis most common?

Answer 7

over age 50

Question 8

Case scenario:Alcohol abuse causing destruction. Resulting clinical symptom?

Answer 8

patient has selective destruction of gastric gland (hint, alcohol breaks down mucosal barrier)

Question 9

All of the following are true about saliva except:

Answer 9

C) Controlled solely by the vagus nerve.

Question 10

7. Secretion of the pancreas include all of the following except:

Answer 10

(A) Ptyalin

Question 11

What does the enteric part of GI nervous system control?

Answer 11

enteric nervous system completely controls motility and secretion of the GI does so by localized stimulate, if you want a strong effect you need external effect from prevertebral reflexes or from the CNS (or both)

Question 12

What is the Extrinsic Nervous System

Answer 12

Parasympathetic (Excitatory: increases motility and secretions)c.
Sympathetic (Inhibitory: decreases motility and secretions)

Question 13

preganglionics via Ach from (extrinsic NS para)

Answer 13

brainstem (vagus stimulates esophagus, stomach, pancreas, & proximal ½ colon)
sacral cord (s2-4 to pelvic nerves stimulate distal ½ color to anus)

Question 14

Postganglionic cell bodies in enteric plexi (extrinsic NS para)

Answer 14

PNS stimulation increases activity of whole GI tract via enteric plexi.
release Ach or peptides like Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or substance P

Question 15

Nervous control of GI system

Answer 15

enteric NS can control secretion and motility - presence of food in gut,
needs outside help if load is need for greater contraction, prevertebral or outside nervous system or both, if
there is a need (prevertebral or central nervous system or both)

Question 16

Regulation of gastric emptying

Answer 16

1 = enterogastric reflex

Question 17

Function of micelles

Answer 17

Bile, amphipathic molecule, increases surface area to let fat be absorbed, create micelles and ferry fat
across the epithelial membrane

Question 18

Malabsorption: molecular cause

Answer 18

Crone’s or gluten/honey story. Vitamin D and Crone’s, NOD 2 defected prevents >99% is absorbed as a
monomer so increased celiac risk, less than 1% are IgE that causes inflammatory response,
Gliadin
honey can cure allergies by converting IgE to IgG or can cause inflammatory response that kills GI bacteria

Question 19

Enteric plexus

Answer 19

Meissner’s plexus (secretions) - controls GI movement and secretion

Question 20

Obesity increases the risk for cancer because…

Answer 20

Know that adiponectin is decreased in obese people therefore more angiogenesis
- also sex hormones physically increase in number but sex hormone binding globulin is inhibited by excess fat.

Question 21

Parameters of gastric or pancreatic enzymes

Answer 21

Pepsinogen and activation
HCL is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin
pepsinogen secreted by chief cells.

Question 22

what stimulates pepsinogen?

Answer 22

vagus nerve and presence of [H+]

Question 23

What secretes IF?

Answer 23

parietal cells with HCl

Question 24

WHat do brunners glands in duodenum make mucus in response to?

Answer 24

actile/ irritating stimuli on duodenal mucosa vagal stimulation secretin

Question 25

Goblet cells: secrete...

Answer 25

mucus which lubricate and protect

Question 26

What are causes of swallowing disorders?

Answer 26

Polio infection, acalasia, encephalopathy

Question 27

Functions of the large intestine

Answer 27

Absorbs sodium BUT DOES NOT EXCRETE IT, more tight junctions to decrease Na+ release, Water absorption, some nutrients but not a lot of nutrient absorption. Vitamin absorption, Large intestine is not sterile compared to Small intestine

Question 28

Respiratory exchange ratio

Answer 28

Normal physiology Digest carbs, then protein then fat then back to protein 1 if normal, 0.7 if diabetic

Question 29

Regulation of hypothalamic temperature set point

Answer 29

2/3 cold sensitive neurons in the skin to have an active response to prevent hypothermia. And the core and hypothalamus contain more heat sensitive neurons

Question 30

26. QUICK CHECK: regarding food intake and energy:

Answer 30

26. the average body uses 20-30g stored protein per day

Question 31

33. Quick check: Which is true regarding GI hormones and their actions:

Answer 31

33. Cholecystokinin stimulated by amino acids increases gastric pH. (by inhibiting H+ secretion)

Question 32

Case scenario appetite control - food intake: you have a young child who is obese why would this be?

Answer 32

-Most likely disrupted signaling from the hypothalamic system - see defective signaling in POMC pathway= extreme obesity MCR-4 (melanocortin receptor) mutations= most common single gene cause of obesity - Seen in Severe Obesity in Children

Question 33

38. QUICK CHECK: regarding temperature regulation which of the following is false:

Answer 33

38. thyroid hormone levels typically decrease in cold climates

Question 34

41. Case scenario salivary gland- saliva formation: sjorgrens: know where (which cell of the gland) is being attacked

Answer 34

mucous cell= mucin= lubricates and protects mucous secreting glands (sublingual and submandibular) parotid gland is a serous gland that secretes amylase

Question 35

define: inanition-

Answer 35

opposite of obesity= extreme weight loss

Question 36

define: cachexia

Answer 36

. metabolic increased energy expenditure seen in wasting syndrome, aids and cancer

Question 37

define: anorexia

Answer 37

reduction in food intake caused by central neural processes and lead to activation of melanocortin system

Question 38

describe Auerbachs (myenteric plexus)-

Answer 38

outer plexus between longitudinal and circular muscle layers creating movement

Question 39

What does Auerbachs control?

Answer 39

controls: motor activity, increases tonic contraction or tone, increases intensity and frequency of contraction, increases velocity of conduction - can be inhibitory- by sending signals for movement of food at sphincters, to inhibit contraction and cause an increase in lumen diameter