quiz 1 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Describe the anatomical position (body, hands, feet)
A
Body: Standing and facing forward with the arms to the side
Hands: Palms face forward with extended fingers and the thumbs pointing away from the body
Feet: Slightly apart and toes pointed forward
2
Q
Define Anterior (ventral)
A
viewing the body or parts of the body from the front
3
Q
Define posterior (dorsal)
A
viewing the body or parts of the body from behind
4
Q
Define Superior (cranial)
A
toward the head
5
Q
Define Inferior (Caudal)
A
Toward the feet
6
Q
Define Proximal
A
being closer to the body midline or origin of a body structure
Ex: knee is proximal to the ankle
7
Q
Define distal
A
being farther away from the body midline or origin of a body structure
Ex: knee is distal to the hip
8
Q
Define Flexion
A
decreasing the angle between limb bones at a joint, bending
9
Q
Define extension
A
increasing the angle of limb bones at a joint, extending
10
Q
Define abduction
A
movement of limbs away from the body
11
Q
Define adduction
A
movement of limbs toward the body midline
12
Q
Define rotation
A
movement of a limb along its axis at a joint
13
Q
Define circumduction
A
movement of a limb in a conical shape at a joint
14
Q
Define supine
A
the body is laying facing upward
15
Q
Define prone
A
the body is laying facing down
16
Q
Define supination
A
forearm: The forearm rotates palms facing forward/anterior
foot: the foot leans inward relative to the lower leg
17
Q
Define pronation
A
forearm: forearm rotates palms facing backward/posterior
foot: foot leans outward relative to the lower leg
18
Q
Define the coronal/frontal plane
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
19
Q
Define the sagittal/longitudinal plane
A
divides the body into left and right sections
20
Q
Define transverse/axial plane
A
divides the body into superior and inferior sections
21
Q
describe day 1 of early embryogenesis
A
a zygote forms (2N)
22
Q
describe day 4 of early embryogenesis
A
cleavage produces a morula
23
Q
describe day 5 of early embryogenesis
A
a fluid-filled cavity forms inside the morula, producing a blastula
24
Q
describe day 6 of early embryogenesis
A
the blastula splits into 2 cell masses: the inner embryoblast and an outer trophoblast.
implantation begins.
25
define gastrulation
1-layer embryoblast becomes a 2-layer then 3-layer gastrula
26
how is the bilaminar disc formed
flattened into 2 flat, oval cell layers
27
what forms the initial gastrula
bilaminar disc, which eventually establishes the ventral-dorsal axis in the second. week
28
what is the ventral layer called
hypoblast
29
what is the dorsal layer called
epiblast
30
define primitive streak
a thickening down the midline of the epiblast that occurs in week 3
31
what establishes the cranial-caudal axis
primitive streak in the 3rd week
32
what is the primitive node
cranial end
33
how is the germ layer formed
epiblast cells divide and migrate through the primitive streak in week 3
34
what does the epiblast turn into?
ectoderm
35
define mesoderm
migrates ventrally between epi- & hypo-blast
36
define endoderm
migrates ventrally and replaces the hypoblast
37
describe embryo folding
lateral folding turns the flat trilaminar disc into two tubes
38
what is the somatic layer of the embryo folded tube called?
outer tube
39
what is the visceral/splanchnic tube called?
inner tube or the primitive gut tube
40
define neurulation
ectoderm folds and divides into 3 parts during week 3
41
what are the 3 layer divisions of ectoderm folds
surface ectoderms
neuroectoderm
--neural tube
--neural crest cells
42
list the integumentary tissues
epidermis
nails and hair
surface exocrine glands
43
list the oral cavity tissues
oral epithelium
enamel of teeth
salivary glands
44
list the special sensory tissues
nasal epithelium, olfactory neurons
lens, cornea, and conjunctiva of eye
lacrimal gland
45
list the endocrine tissues
anterior pituitary
46
list the components of the central nervous system of the neural tube
brain
spinal cord
posterior pituitary
47
list the components of the peripheral nervous system of the neural tube
motor & sensory axons
| to and from the spinal cord/brain
48
list the peripheral nervous system of the neural crest cells
```
sensory neurons
autonomic neurons (post-synapse)
```
49
aside of the peripheral nervous system, what other components are of the neural crest cells
```
melanocytes (skin and oral mucosa)
connective tissues if the head
dentin of teeth
great vessels of the heart
medulla of adrenal gland
```
50
list the different mesoderms
axial mesoderm = notoderm
paraxial mesoderm = somite
intermediate mesoderm = reproductive & urinary system
lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) = splanchnic & somatic divisions
51
describe the notochord of the axial mesoderm
notochord: condensation of mesoderm
- primitive support
- signal and direct neural development
- adult derivative: nucleus pulposus (intervertebral disc)
52
describe the somite of the paraxial mesoderm
sclerotome
somite dermatome
syndetome
myotome
53
what is the sclerotome
vertebrae, ribs, occipital bone
54
what is the somite dermatome
dermis over the spine (epaxial region)
55
what is the syndetome
tendons
56
what is the myotome
skeletal muscle
epimere: epaxial muscles (deep back)
hypomere: hypaxial muscle
57
describe dermatomes
sensory innervation, composed of segmented somites. each segment is associated with a single spinal nerve
58
define skin dermatome
area of skin supplied by a sensory branch of a single spinal nerve
59
what are the components of the urinary system
kidneys, bladder, ureters
60
what are the components of the reproductive system
gonads and reproductive ducts (vas deferens/uterine tubes)
61
what is the lateral plate mesoderm
connective tissues
62
define somatic LPM (SoLPM)
connective tissues, bones, and smooth muscles associated with the somatic "outer tube"
63
define splanchnic LPM (SpLPM)
- connective tissues and smooth muscle associated with visceral "inner tube"
- endothelium of blood vessels (arteries and veins)
- cardiogenic SpLMN = heart
64
what is the endoderm
epithelial lining of the gut tube and derivatives
65
what are the components of the endoderm
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
larynx
esophagus
respiratory system (trachea and lungs)
foregut (stomach, duodenum, liver, pancrease)
midgut (small intestine, proximal large intestine)
hindgut (distal large intestine, anal canal)
66
functions of the integumentary system
protection, homeostasis, interaction with enironment
67
tissues of the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, exocrine glands
68
characteristics of the integumentary system epidermis
- avascular
| - contains keratinocytes and melanocytes (pigment)
69
characteristics of the integumentary system dermis
- contains accessory and support structures of the skin
| - hairs, glands, neurovasculature
70
characteristics of the integumentary subcutis
- a.k.a. superficial fascia
- loose connective tissue and fat
- connects skin to underlaying structures
71
what glands compose the skin
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
- mammary glands
72
characteristics of the skin, as a whole
```
smooth muscle
- arrector pili muscle
- controlled by autonomic nerves
neurovasculature
- arteriovenous
- sensory organs and nerves
```
73
define mechanoreceptors
touch and vibration
74
define nocioceptors
pain
75
what composes the surface ectoderm
epidermis, glands, hair
76
what composes the neural crest cells
melanocytes
77
what composes the somatic LPM
hypaxial dermis, arrector pili muscles
78
what composes somite dermatome
epaxial dermis
79
Q: A majority of the appendages in the skin are located within the?
dermis
80
Q: the gastrula initially has how many germ layers?
2
| epiblast and hypoblast
81
Q: the nervous system is derived from which of the following layers?
ectoderm
82
what are the branchial arches?
gives rise to the head and neck
| a.k.a. Pharyngeal Pouches
83
where are the branchial arches developed?
visceral, (inward) forming around the cranial region of the primitive gut tube (inner tube)
84
define connective tissue
fibrous tissue that gives organs their shapes and holds the body together
85
what are the specialized types of connective loans
cartilage
bone
ligaments
tendons
86
define elastic cartilage
elastin bundles for flexibility
87
examples of elastic cartilage
external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis
88
define fibrocartilage
contains type 1 collagen
| tough, dense cartilage
89
example of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
90
define hyaline cartilage
- precursor to bone in endochondral ossification
- articular cartilage
- provides flexibility to skeleton
91
examples of hyaline cartilage
costal cartilages, nose cartilage
92
define articular cartilage
caps the ends of bony articular surface
93
functions of the bone
- protection for vital structures
- support for the body and vital cavities
- movement mechanics
- storage salts (calcium)
- blood cells produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones
* It is living tissue that changes throughout life
94
list the types of bones
```
cortical bone
trabecular
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
long
short
flat
sesamoid
irregular
```
95
what is cortical bone
compact bone
| dense, outer surfacr
96
what is trabecular bone
cancellous or spongy bone
| inner supportive meshwork
97
what is axial skeleton?
Inner section of the body
- skull and hyoid
- vertebral column
- ribs
- sternum
98
what is the appendicular?
Outer section of the body
- pectoral girdle
- upper limb
- pelvic girdle
- lower limb
99
characteristics of the long bones
tubular, support weight
100
characteristics of the short bones
ankle and wrist bones
101
characteristics of the flat bones
```
protective function
(braincase)
```
102
characteristics of sesamoid bones
develop in tendons, redirect angle of tendon
103
characteristics of irregular bones
multiple functions
104
what joint has limited mobility
fibrous joints
105
types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmosis
gomphosis
106
define suture joints
- interdigitated connections between bones of the skull
| - held together by Sharpey's fibers (type III collagen)
107
define syndesmosis joints
- 2 bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
| - ex: radioulnar or tibiofibular joints
108
define gomphosis joints
- peg and socket join connected by ligaments
| - ex: dentoalveolar joints
109
types of cartilaginous joints
```
synchondrosis = primary joints
symphysis = secondary joints
```
110
define cartilaginous joints
united by hyaline and/or fibrocartilage; limited mobility
111
define synchondrosis joints
2 bones joined together by hyaline cartilage
| ex: 1st sternochondral joint
112
define symphysis joints
2 bones with a thick fibrocartilage pad between them
| ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc
113
what are synovial joints
skeletal joints, highly mobile, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
114
where is hyaline cartilage found
on articular surfaces
115
what is the meniscus
pad formed by fibrocartilage in some joints
| ex: knee
116
types of synovial joints
```
hinge
pivoit
saddle
condylar
plane
ball and socket
```
117
what is bilateral muscle contraction
both sides of a paired muscle contract
118
what is unilateral muscle contraction
one side of a paired muscle contracts
119
what is Ipsilateral muscle contraction
same side as contracting muscle
120
what is contralateral muscle contraction
opposite side from contracting muscle
121
agonist muscle function
cause movement through concentric contraction
122
antagonist muscle function
oppose and regulate movement through eccentric contraction
123
synergist muscle function
aids the agonist through concentric contractions
124
fixator muscle function
stabilize a skeletal element through isometric contraction (generally around shoulders and hips)
125
concentric muscle function
contracting and shortening
| produces motion
126
isometric muscle function
contracting and no length change
| stabilizes
127
eccentric muscle function
contracting and lengthening
| regulates motion of antagonists
128
list fiber orientations for fiber-tendon alignment
```
circular
convergent
parallel
unipennate
multipennate
fusiform
bipennate
```
129
function of muscles
- responsible for motion
- join support
- move substances through internal organs
- move blood through in circulatory system
- heat production
130
function of skeletal muscle
- voluntary
- striated
- moves bones and other structures
- innervated by General somatic efferents and SVE
131
function of cardiac muscle
- involuntary
- striated/intercalated discs
- heart
- innervated by GVE
132
function of smooth muscle
- involuntary
- walls of vessels and hollow organs
- innervated by GVE
133
what is super fascia
subdermis
134
what is deep fascia
surrounds muscles and neurovasculature
135
what is visceral fascia
surrounds organs
136
function of ligaments
connect bone to bone
137
function of tendons
connect muscle to bone or other structures
138
describe endochondral ossification
- there are cartilaginous precursors
- bone starts forming at primary ossification centers
- bone lengthens at secondary ossification centers (epiphyses)
139
what are some examples of bones that use endochondral ossification
long bones and the skull base
140
describe intramembranous ossification
connective tissue (messenchyme) precursor
141
examples of intramembranous ossification
bones of cranial vault and face
