QUIZ 1 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
Prokaryotic cells do not have a ______.
A
Nucleus
2
Q
These cells do not have membrane-bound organelles
A
Prokaryotic cells
3
Q
What are the parts of a prokaryotic cell?
A
Cell wall; Plasma membrane; Ribosomes; Flagella; Pili
4
Q
Plant cells and animal cells are _______ cells.
A
Eukaryotic
5
Q
What are the general parts of Eukaryotic cells?
A
Nucleus; Plasma membrane; Organelles
6
Q
What are the specific organelles of Eukaryotic cells?
A
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi complex; Mitochondrion; Lysosome; Chloroplast
7
Q
This part of the cell houses the chromatin.
A
Nucleus
8
Q
This is a mass of DNA and protein
A
Chromatin
9
Q
During cell division, the chromatin coils up into recognizable _________.
A
Chromosomes
10
Q
It is a double membrane perforated with pores that allow transport of materials back and forth to the cytoplasm
A
Nuclear envelope
11
Q
It is the site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis (transcription).
A
Nucleus
12
Q
It is the site of the control of gene expression
A
Nucleus
13
Q
What makes the endoplasmic reticulum rough?
A
Ribosomes
14
Q
It is the site of the synthesis of secretory proteins
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
15
Q
It is the site for the synthesis of membrane.
A
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
16
Q
Enzymes synthesize _______ that forms all the membranes of the cell.
A
Phospholipid
17
Q
Ribosomes in the rough ER synthesize protein that are then converted to __________ and package in ______________ for secretion.
A
Glycoprotein;
Transport vesicles
18
Q
It is the site for the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and steroids.
A
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
19
Q
The production of steroid hormones is ________ specific.
A
Tissue
20
Q
The smooth ER of the liver has enzymes that regulate the release of _____ into the bloodstream while other enzymes break down ______________.
A
Sugar;
21
Q
The smooth ER of the liver has enzymes that regulate the release of _____ into the bloodstream while other enzymes break down ______________.
A
Sugar;
Toxic chemicals
22
Q
The smooth ER stores ________ ions which are required for muscle contraction.
A
Calcium
23
Q
Similar to the ER, it is a series of folded membranes.
A
Golgie apparatus
24
Q
It functions in processing enzymes and other products of the ER to a finished product
A
Golgi complex
25
It is the source of the production of lysosomes
Golgi complex
26
This is known as the packaging depot of the cell
Golgi complex
27
These organelles are the sites of respiration and convert the chemical energy of sugars and other organic compounds into the high-energy phosphate bonds of an ATP molecule.
Mitochondria
28
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded. What are these folds called?
Cristae
29
It is the site of the electron transport system.
Mitochondria
30
These are membrane bound vesicles that harbor digestive enzymes.
Lysosomes
31
The membrane of a lysosome will fuse with the membrane of _________ and releases these digestive enzymes to the interior to digest the material inside.
Vacuoles
32
These are membrane bound sacs that have many different functions
Vacuoles
33
The central vacuole of a plant cell serves as a large _________.
Lysosome
34
It may also function in absorbing water.
Vacuoles
35
These hold the pigments that give the flower its color.
Central vacuoles
36
These are double membrane-bound organelles which are the sites of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
37
The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms a series of stacked plates. These contain the pigments that absorb light energy
Granum
38
It is the thick fluid in chloroplasts.
Stroma
39
What do you call the network in Eukaryotic cells which are made out of tiny fibers that support the structure?
Cytoskeleton
40
What are the three types of fibers?
Microfilaments;
Intermediate filaments;
Microtubles
41
These are solid helical rods composed of the protein actin
Microfilaments
42
These are found in cells that must contract such as muscle cells
Microfilaments
43
These are variable but in general are ropelike structures made of twisted filaments of fibrous proteins
Intermediate filaments
44
These function in bearing tension and anchoring organelles
Intermediate filaments
45
These are straight, hollow tubes composed of proteins called tubulins. These also make up flagella and cilia.
Microtubles
46
These anchor organelles and provide tract along which organelles may move
Microtubles
47
These are found on cells, such as protists, that are motile
Cilia and Flagella
48
These are short and numerous
Cilia
49
These are longer than cilia and have less numerous appendages
Flagella
50
_______ is required to move the cilia or flagella in a whip-like motion to propell the cell
Energy
51
These are structures taht hold cells together
Cell junctions
52
What are the three types of cell junctions?
Tight junctions;
Anchoring junctions;
Communicating junctions
53
These bind cells together forming a leak-proof sheet
Tight junctions
54
These attach adjacent cells or cells to an extracellular matrix.
Anchoring junctions
55
These are channels between similar cells.
Communicating junctions
56
These are passages between adjacent plant cells that allow material to go from one cell to the next
Plasmodesmata
57
These are the energy producing structures of Eukaryotic cells and supply the cells with ATP
Mitochondria
58
These allow plants to trap sunlight as energy and to carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
59
This is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane which helps in synthesis of lipids and proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
60
It is a structure in eukaryotic cells that secretes substances
Golgi apparatus
61
These are the structures upon which proteins are made
Ribosomes
62
What do you call the light-trapping pigment found in photosynthetic cells?
Chlorophyll
63
This controls the catalytic activity at the ribosomes
Nucleus
64
The study of minute organisms, or microbes, as the bacteria
Microbiology
65
Any microscopic form of life; particularly applied bacteria and similar organisms, especially those that are supposed to cause infectious diseases.
Microorganism
66
What are the two fundamental morphological types of cells?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
67
What are the two major taxonomic groups of Procaryotes?
Eubacteria and Arcahebacteria
68
These are the more commonly known form of prokaryotes
Eubacteria
69
These prokaryotes are generally found in environmental extremes
Archaebacteria
70
What is simpler, procaryotes or eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
71
These are the best known and most studied prokaryotes
Bacteria
72
What is larger in size, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
73
What are organisms that posses the eukaryotic cell type?
Animals; plants; fungi; algae; protozoa
74
All the unicellular organisms and also multicellular organisms with same kind of cell are belonging to the _________________.
Protist kingdom
75
Typically polysaccharide-containing secretions that collect around the bacterial cell surface
Glycocalyx
76
It is a well-organized bacterial glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the bacterial wall
Capsule
77
These are a more diffuse glycocalyx than capsules
Slime layers
78
These protect cells from drying, serve to trap nutrients, or may bind cells together
Slime layers
79
These are non-metabolizing bacterial cell that are highly resistant to numerous environment degradants including heat, drying, radiation and all sorts of chemical attacks. These are produced within bacterial cells
Endospore
80
True or false. All bacteria produce endospores.
False. Not all bacteria produce endospores.
81
This refers to endospore formation
Sporulation
82
This refers to the endospore conversion back to a vegetative bacterial cell
Germination
83
This process should kills the endospores
Sterilization
84
These are prokaryotes found in yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sour cream and butter
Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
85
These are prokaryotes found in alcohol (tequila)
Zymomonas bacteria
86
These are prokaryotes found in bacitracin and polymyxin, attenuated bacteria serve as vaccines.
Antibiotics
87
Genes can be introduced into plants by a bacterium __________________________.
Agribacteruyn tynefacuebs
88
It is a subgroup of fungi that spreads widely in nature. These are unable to extract energy from sunlight and usually are free-living. Reproduction are asexual and sexual.
Yeasts
89
Molds have a vegetative structure called what?
Mycelium
90
This is a highly branched system of tubes containing mobile mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei
Mycelium
91
What do you call the long filaments of cells within the mycelium?
Hyphae
92
Important industrial molds are __________ and ____________
Aspergillus; Penicillium
93
These are from algae-primitive plants which has flagella for locomotion, lacks rigid wall, and has an eyespot sensitive to light
Euglena
94
These are primitive animals that cannot exploit sunlight's energy and some causes serious disease (sleeping sickness)
Protozoa
95
Complex "society" of ________ are required in waste treatment including protozoa
Microbes
96
The prominence of H and O is due to the major role which ______ plays in life
Water
97
Water is about _____% by mass of all life
90
98
Its electronic structure allows it to form chains; need bonds to be stable but breakable
Carbon
99
Prominent in biological compounds due to its reactivity with carbon and its propensity to form chains in organic compounds
Nitrogen
100
Long hydrocarbon chains with active group on one end
Lipids and Phospholipids
101
These are fatty acid derivatives found in cell membranes
Phospholipids
102
Fatty acids esterified with glycerol (Lipid class)
Simple
103
Same as simple lipids, but with other compounds also attached (Lipid class)
Compound
104
Fats containing phosphoric acid and nitrogen (lecithin)
Phospholipids
105
Fatty acids compounded with CHO, but no N
Glycolipids
106
Substances derived by hydrolysis (Lipid class)
Derived lipids
107
Large molecular weight alcohols found in nature and combined with fatty acids (e.g. cholesterol)
Sterols
108
These are concentrated sources of energy (9,45 kcal/g)
Lipids
109
These provide means whereby fat-soluble nutrients (e.g. sterols, vitamins) can be absorbed by the body
Lipids
110
Structural element of cell, subcellular components; Components of hormones and precursors for prostaglandin synthesis
Lipids
111
This has a carboxyl group at the polar end and a hydrocarbon chain at the nonpolar tail
Fatty Acid
112
What is the general chemical formula of fatty acids?
RCOOH
113
Natural occurring saturated fatty acid with 12 carbons - CH3(CH2)10COOH
Lauric
114
Natural occurring saturated fatty acid with 14 carbons - CH3(CH2)12COOH
Myristic
115
Natural occurring saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons - CH3(CH2)14COOH
Palmitic
116
Natural occurring saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons - CH3(CH2)16COOH
Stearic
117
Natural occurring saturated fatty acid with 20 carbons - CH3(CH2)18COOH
Arachic
118
__________ like DHA and EPA are added to many foods due to their nutritive value. They are present naturally to the highest levels in fish oils.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (FUPA)
119
These are needed by the body but cannot be synthesized so external source is required
Essential fatty acids
120
This essential fatty acid has 18:2 n-6
Linoleic
121
This essential fatty acid has 18:3 n-3
Linolenic
122
This essential fatty acid has 20:5 n-3
Eicosopentaenoic acid
123
This essential fatty acid has 22:6 n-3
Docosohexaenoic acid
124
A fat molecule = ________ + _________
Glycerol + Fatty Acid
125
One of the alcohol groups of glycerol is esterified with phosphoric acid rather than carboxylic acid while the other two alcohol groups are esterified by fatty acids
Phospathidic acid
126
The molecule of phosporic acid forms bond both to glycerol and some other alcohol
Phopathidyl ester
127
A complex mixture of esters of long chain hydrocarbons
Waxes
128
What is the general chemical formula for waxes?
RCOOR' (where R and R' are long chain hydrocarbons)
129
Myricyl cerotate; used for floor wax and automobile wax
Carnauba wax
130
Wax from whales - cetyl palmitate; used as fragrance
Spermaceti
131
These do not contain glycerol but contain long chain of amino alcohol sphingosine
Sphingolipids
132
This is the simplest compound of sphingolipids
Ceramide
133
The deficiency of this causes multiple sclerois
Sphingomyelins
134
Hybrid molecules containing both lipid and carbohydrage groups
Glycolipids
135
Glycolipids are also known as ____________________
Glycosylacylglycerols
136
These are derivatives of saturated tetracyclic hydrocarbon (ex. testosterone, progesterone)
Steroids
137
These are polymers composed of sugars; uses include energy storage, component of extra cellular matrix (hyaluronan)
Polysaccharides
138
What are the two sugar conformations?
Chair conformation and Boat conformation
139
Glucose + Fructose = ?
Sucrose
140
Glucose + Glucose = ?
Maltose
141
Galactose + Glucose = ?
Lactose
142
Used to describe a bioplymer system comprising predominantly of two polysaccharides (amylose and amylopectin)
Starch
143
The smaller of the two polysaccharides which make up starch; linear molecule which comprise of (1-4) linked alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units
Amylose
144
The larger of the two polysaccharides which make up starch; highly branched which contains alpha-D-glucopyranosyl units linked mainly by (1-4) linkages but with a greater proportion of (1-6) linkages
Amylopectin
145
This has been found to form the basis of the structure of starch granules
Amylopectin
146
The major structural component of woody plants and natural fibers such as cotton, wood, and cork
Cellulose
147
These are polymers composed of amino acid monomers
Proteins
148
This is another term for amino acid polymers
Polypeptides
149
Most common biological macromolecules in the extra cellular matrix
Proteins
150
This is where proline and hydroxy proline is often present and is the basic structural protein
Collagen
151
It is a complex molecule which is built of three basic types of monomers - Sugar (deoxyribose); A phosphate (PO4); One of 4 "nitrogenous bases" (AGCT)
DNA
152
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
153
The "rails" of the DNA ladder are made of the ______ and ______
Sugar; Phosphate
154
The "rungs" of the ladder are composed of 1 of 4 pairs of the __________
Nitrogenous bases (AT, TA, GC, CG)
155
A set of three rungs is called a ______
Gene
156
Deoxyribonucleic acid serves as the "master copy" for most information in the cell
DNA
157
Ribonucleic acid acts to transfer information from DNA to the rest of the cell
RNA
158
Each DNA/RNA consists of a _______________ backbone to which nitrogenous bases are attached
Sugar/phosphate
159
Copy of the genetic information in DNA; used as pattern to make proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
160
Small RNA molecule (70-90 base units); used to bring the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
161
Platform for protein synthesis; holds mRNA in place and helps assemble proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
162
A polymer known as polynucleotide
DNA
163
Error during DNA replication that results in a change ni the sequence of deoxyribonucleotide bases
Mutation
164
What are the two types of mutation?
Spontaneous;
Induced
165
This error involves the substitution of a nucleotide (point mutations) or the deletion or addition of a nucleotide
Spontaneous Mutation
166
This is usually seen with a single substitution mutation and results in one wrong codon and one wrong amino acid
Missense mutation
167
Here, the change in the deoxyribonucleotide base sequence results in transcription of a stop or nonsense codon causes the protein to be terminated at that point in the message
Nonsense mutation
168
This is sometimes seen with a single substitution mutation when the change in the DNA base sequence results in a new codon still coding for the same amino acid
Sense mutation
169
This is seen when a number of DNA nucleotides not divisible by three is added or deleted
Frameshift mutation
170
Caused by mutagens, substances that cause a much higher rate of mutation
Induced mutation
171
This macronutrient (organic or inorganic) is used to form nucleic acid and phospholipids
Phosphorus
172
This macronutrient is used to form amino acids cysteine and methionine; found in vitamins such as thiamin, biotin, lipoic acid and coenzyme A
Sulfur
173
Enzymes for protein synthesis require this macronutrient
Potassium
174
This macronutrient stabilizes ribosomes, cell membranes and nucleic acids
Magnesium
175
This macronutrient stabilizes bacterial cell wall
Calcium
176
Marine organisms require this macronutrient for growth
Sodium
