QUIZ 1

Question 1

4 Key terms in Communication

Answer 1

process, systems, symbols and meanings (Wood, 2012)

Question 2

In the context of communication, one never stops from communicating as it is an ongoing activity. It is a dynamic as it continually changes. Communication is never static.

Answer 2

Process

Question 3

Communication is considered a process because it is an ________ on itself.

Answer 3

activity

Question 4

Wood (2012) defined _______ as interrelated parts that affect one another. It is a
collection not of random parts, but of organized wholes.

Answer 4

system

Question 5

Examples of a System

Answer 5

(culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliation and others)

Question 6

Another common term among the definitions is _________.. Wood (2012) explicitly used this term in her definition. In Palta’s definition, ________ is represented by language and in Ober and Newman’s, it is indicated by spoken or written words and facial expressions, gestures and voice qualities. For others, it is embedded in the term message.

Answer 6

symbols

Question 7

At the heart of communication is _________. It can be viewed as an “end” in itself. This means that when people communicate, they attach ________ to the symbols they use (either verbal or non-verbal) with the intent that the person/s they are communicating with share the same ________ as intended. In other words, the goal is to generate common _________ through the messages provided or received.

Answer 7

meaning/s

Question 8

Communication has two levels of meaning:

Answer 8

content level and relationship level

Question 9

It refers to the literal meaning of the message. It is parallel to the denotative meaning of the message.

Answer 9

Content Level

Question 10

It expresses the relationship between communicators. This can be the connotative meaning of a message.

Answer 10

Relationship Level

Question 11

also refers to the understanding of the message. Ideally, your message should be understood in the same manner you intended to be.

Answer 11

Meanings

Question 12

communication can be defined as continuous activity _______ that operates within a certain context ________ in which people exchanged words, gestures, and other verbal and nonverbal __________ behavior to create and understand information or messages__________.

Answer 12

(process), (system), (symbols), and (meaning).

Question 13

a political scientist, produced a set of questions to conveniently describe what comprises communication.

Answer 13

Harold Laswell

Question 14

provided more comprehensive components of
communication

Answer 14

Pearson et al. (2011)

Question 15

Pearson et al. (2011) provided more comprehensive components of communication which include:

Answer 15

people, messages, codes, channels, feedback,
encoding and decoding and noise or barrier.

Question 16

They are the ones involved in the communication process. They have the roles of being the source who initiates a message and the receiver as the intended target of the message.

Answer 16

People

Question 17

This is the verbal and non-verbal form of idea, thought, or feeling that one intends to communicate to another person or group of people.

Answer 17

Message

Question 18

pertains to the language one utters;

Answer 18

Verbal message

Question 19

refers to gestures, body movements, sign languages, and facial expressions that carry with them their own meaning.

Answer 19

Non-verbal message

Question 20

it refers to the means with which the message is delivered.

Answer 20

Channel

Question 21

– It is the receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the source’s message

Answer 21

Feedback

Question 22

It is a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another person.

Answer 22

Code

Question 23

is defined as the process of translating an idea or thought into a code.

Answer 23

Encoding

Question 24

is the process of assigning meaning to an idea or a thought.

Answer 24

Decoding

Question 25

In the context of communication, noise refers to any interference in the encoding and decoding processes which affect the clarity and understanding of a message.

Answer 25

Noise or Barrier

Question 26

The common models of communication that have been utilized over the years are as follows:

Answer 26

I. Linear Model II. Interactive Model III. Transactional Model

Question 27

Also called the transmission model.

Answer 27

Linear Model

Question 28

assumes that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that communication is a one-way process

Answer 28

Linear Model

Question 29

In this model, communication flows in one direction from the sender (who?) with the message (says what?) which is sent via a certain medium (in what channel?) towards the receiver to bring about a certain result (with what effect?).

Answer 29

Laswell’s Verbal Model

Question 30

2 samples of Linear Model

Answer 30

Laswell’s Verbal Model Shannon and Weaver’s Model

Question 31

This model is in contrast with the linear one which considers communication as flowing only in one direction from a sender to a receiver (Gronbeck, 1999). In this model, communication is a two-way process which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and the receiver.

Answer 31

Interactive Model

Question 32

In this model, the personal fields of experience, whether shared or no by the communicators are very important. According to Schramm, the communicators’ fields of experience explain why misunderstanding occurs.

Answer 32

Interactive Model

Question 33

Schramm pointed out that when there are more overlaps in the communicator’s fields of experience (meaning they share the same experience), the better they understand each other.

Answer 33

Interactive Model

Question 34

This model was adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of the interactive model to portray the dynamism of human communication.

Answer 34

Transactional Model

Question 35

The key features of the transactional model are as follows:

Answer 35

1. It has a time element which influences how people communicate. 2. It depicts communication as varying (not constant) and dynamic (not static). 3. The outer lines in the model indicate that communication occurs within systems that influence what and how people communicate. 4. Finally, the model does not label one as the sender and the other as the receiver. Instead, are communicators who actively, equally, and simultaneously participate in the communication process. In sum, the transactional model is a model in which people interact with and through symbols overtime to share and create meaning.

Question 36

8 Principles of Communication

Answer 36

1. Communication is transactional 2. Communication is inevitable – 3. Communication is goal oriented 4. Communication's various levels 5. Communication is complex 6. Communication can be learned 7. Communication is relational – 8. Communication is guided by culture

Question 37

It is a two-way process which involves an exchange. When the message is sent, a reply is expected

Answer 37

Communication is transactional

Question 38

It is impossible not to communicate.

Answer 38

Communication is inevitable

Question 39

When you communicate, you have goals in mind. You do not just say something or write a message on a piece of paper for no reason at all.

Answer 39

Communication is goal oriented -

Question 40

There are various levels of communication: intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group and public or mass. The intrapersonal level refers to the communication that occurs when we do “self-talk” or engage in self reflection.

Answer 40

Communication's various levels

Question 41

it entails a lot of processes which can occur simultaneously or successively. Likewise, there are implications and considerations which are perceived consciously or unconsciously.

Answer 41

Communication is complex

Question 42

Despite the complexity of communication, it is still a skill which can be learned.

Answer 42

Communication can be learned

Question 43

In any communication setting, aside from sharing meaning, the process how meaning is created also echoes two vital aspects of the relationships of the communicators: immediacy and control.

Answer 43

Communication is relational

Question 44

Culture may be defined as a system of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. The system includes shared beliefs, values, symbols and behaviors.

Answer 44

Communication is guided by culture

Question 45

deals with one's judgment of rightness or wrongness, appropriateness or inappropriateness of a course of action or decision.

Answer 45

Ethics

Question 46

consideration in communication shape how you communicate.

Answer 46

Ethical

Question 47

It is a set of moral principles guiding the society to maintain social order.

Answer 47

Ethics in Communication

Question 48

Below are some guidelines for becoming an ethical communicator.

Answer 48

1. Ethical communicators are honest 2. Ethical communicators are aware of the consequences of their thoughts and actions. 3. Ethical communicators value diversity and respect other’s opinion. 4. Ethical communicators are just and fair.

Question 49

In communicating your thoughts, ideas and feelings, you must be truthful. Good communicators never lie and deceive other people.

Answer 49

Ethical communicators are honest

Question 50

You need to think before you communicate whether it is in the spoken or written form.

Answer 50

Ethical communicators are aware of the consequences of their thoughts and actions.

Question 51

Respect means showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas. Even if you do not agree with them.

Answer 51

Ethical communicators value diversity and respect other’s opinion.

Question 52

To be just and fair is to be impartial and objective.

Answer 52

Ethical communicators are just and fair.

Question 53

involves the background of both the sender and the receiver of the message. It includes their education, religion, socioeconomic status, marital status, and beliefs that greatly influence what and how they communicate.

Answer 53

personal context

Question 54

pertains to the environment where communication takes place. It involves tangible factors which can be easily perceived by the senses, such as temperature, humidity, odor, lighting, and noise level, among others.

Answer 54

physical context

Question 55

refers to the kind of relationship that exists between the sender and the receiver.

Answer 55

social context

Question 56

includes the emotions and feelings of the participants in the communication process. It involves their opinions, judgments, prejudices, attitudes and perception towards each other, which can play part in the transmission of messages.

Answer 56

psychological context

Question 57

is one of the vital considerations in communication. It includes the sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding principles, and assumptions based on one's race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and religion within which communication happens.

Answer 57

cultural context

Question 58

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN COMMUNICATION

Answer 58

1. individualism or collectivism 2. low and high context 3. chronemics 4. uncertainty avoidance 5. power distance 6. gender-masculinity or femininity 7. long term or short-term orientation

Question 59

puts premium on the self and personal fulfillment

Answer 59

Individualistic culture

Question 60

values teamwork and collaboration.

Answer 60

collectivist culture

Question 61

Cultures in First World Countries such as the USA, Canada, Northern and Western European countries are _________

Answer 61

highly individualistic

Question 62

most of the cultures in Lattin America, East and Southeast Asia, and Africa

Answer 62

collectivist

Question 63

tend to be more assertive, confrontational, and direct to get things done at their own pace

Answer 63

individualistic cultural background

Question 64

work more harmoniously in groups and cooperate with others to avoid conflict.

Answer 64

collectivist cultural background

Question 65

views explicit words as way to convey messages

Answer 65

Low-context culture

Question 66

uses subtle non-verbal behaviors and implicit information to convey meaning.

Answer 66

highcontext culture

Question 67

For instance, people in the USA, Germany, and Scandinavia have

Answer 67

Low-context culture

Question 68

Latin America and most Asian cultures have

Answer 68

high-context culture.

Question 69

People from low-context cultures have to pay attention to the ________ and ______ of those from high context-cultures.

Answer 69

Body languages and gestures

Question 70

pertains to the concept of time among cultures

Answer 70

chronemics

Question 71

advocates punctuality, timely completion of tasks, and accomplishment of one task at a time. Schedule matters in a ________

Answer 71

Monochronic cultures

Question 72

has a more fluid and flexible concept of time. In this culture, task interruption and multi-tasking are acceptable practices and maintaining relationships is more important than strictly following a schedule

Answer 72

Polychronic culture

Question 73

The dominant culture of USA has a ______________

Answer 73

monochronic sense of time.

Question 74

Latin American, Arab and Southern European cultures

Answer 74

polychronic culture

Question 75

is tolerant of unpredictable and uncontrollable situations

Answer 75

Low-uncertainty avoidance culture

Question 76

values precision and always attempts to anticipate risks to possibly reduce them. To make this possible, rules and systems are created.

Answer 76

High uncertainty avoidance culture

Question 77

People from USA, Sweden, and Denmark are

Answer 77

Low-uncertainty avoidance culture

Question 78

people from Germany, Portugal, Greece, Peru and Belgium have

Answer 78

high-uncertainty avoidance culture.

Question 79

is the extent to how the equality or inequality of power is expected or accepted.

Answer 79

power distance.

Question 80

values equal distribution of power.

Answer 80

Low-power distance culture

Question 81

recognizes that unequal distribution of power is normal. T

Answer 81

high-power distance culture

Question 82

cultures of Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway and USA value democracy and egalitarian behavior

Answer 82

Low-power distance culture

Question 83

This type of culture is evident in countries in the Middle East, and in Malaysia, Guatemala, Venezuela and Singapore.

Answer 83

high-power distance culture

Question 84

advocate for strict adherence to conventional gender roles and behaviors.

Answer 84

Masculine cultures

Question 85

In this culture, masculine roles are more valued than feminine roles.

Answer 85

Masculine cultures

Question 86

are based on the premise that men and women assume varieties of roles and thus, are both valued regardless of their sex and gender.

Answer 86

Feminine cultures

Question 87

refers to how patience is valued in waiting for the outcomes of actions.

Answer 87

long term or short-term orientation

Question 88

is characterized by being very performance-driven. It emphasizes quick results, fulfillment of social obligations, and efficient revenue generation. Therefore, it values rewards in the here and now.

Answer 88

Short-term orientation culture

Question 89

is more laid back that it has more patience in waiting for the outcomes of an action. It values perseverance towards the achievement of goals.

Answer 89

Long-term orientation culture