Quiz 1

Question 1

Define Motor Control

Answer 1

Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

Movment emerges from the interaction between what 3 factors?

Answer 2

Individual
Task
Environment

Question 3

The Individual Factor of Movement has 3 subsets:

Answer 3

Action
Cognition
Perception

Question 4

Describe Action (individual)

Answer 4

Neuromuscular and biomechanical systems

Question 5

Describe Perception/Sensory (individual)

Answer 5

Integration and interpretation of sensory signals into meaningful information

• information about the state of the body, relative features of the environment

Question 6

Describe Cognition (individual)

Answer 6

Understanding the intentions or goals, having the cognitive processes involved for motor control/learning

Question 7

What types of cognitive processes may be involved in the nature of movement?

Answer 7

Problem soliving
Judgement
Predicting upcoming forces/events
Short-term memory/Results of previous problem solving
Understanding the intentions of others
Attention
Planning
Motivation
Emotion

Question 8

Describe the importance of knowing Task Constraints

Answer 8

Type of task being performed greatly impacts neural organization of the movement

Question 9

What are the Classifications of Task Constraints

Answer 9

Discrete vs. Continuous vs. Sequential
Closed vs. Open
Stability vs. Mobility
Manipulation vs. Non-Manipulation

Question 10

Discrete Task

Answer 10

recognizable beginning and end

ex: kicking a ball, moving from sitting to standing

Question 11

Continuous Task

Answer 11

end point of task decided arbitrarily by performer

ex: walking

Question 12

Sequential Tasks

Answer 12

Linkage of multiple discrete tasks
ex: preparing a meal

Question 13

Closed Tasks

Answer 13

performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments

ex: walking inside of the clinic

Question 14

Open Tasks

Answer 14

performer is required to adapt movement to a changing and unpredicatable environment

ex: walking on a busy sidewalk, playing soccer

Question 15

Stability Task

Answer 15

non-moving base of support

ex: sitting or standing

Question 16

Mobility Task

Answer 16

moving base of support

ex: walking or running

Question 17

Manipulation Tasks

Answer 17

involve movement of the upper extremities/ reguire manipulation of an object

ex: kicking a ball, picking up a pen

Question 18

Non-Manipulation Tasks

Answer 18

not utilizing an object that needs to be manipulated

Question 19

Describe the importance of considering task attributes on a continuum

Answer 19

Taxonomy of Tasks can be identified and the level of difficulty or challenge can be understood in order to be adapted

ex: a closed stability task is standing on a non-moving surface and a open stability task is standing on a foam pad

Question 20

What are the Environmental Constraints?

Answer 20

Regulatory vs. Non-Regulatory

Environmental Constraints can help or hinder performance and features of the environment must be understood to know how they will affect

Question 21

Regulatory (environmental)

Answer 21

Movement must conform to features of the environment to acheive task goal

ex: stair height

Question 22

Non-Regulatory (environment)

Answer 22

May affect performance, but movement does NOT have to conform to features

ex: background noise, carpet pattern, etc.

Question 23

Taxonomy

Answer 23

a strategy of comparing movement tasks on a continuum

Question 24

Definition of a Theory of Motor Control

Answer 24

A group of abstract ideas about the control of movement

Question 25

Definition of Theory

Answer 25

a set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures/processes and relate them to each other

Question 26

Blueprint Analogy

Answer 26

Theory Gives Meaning to Facts but Facts have different meanings based on their relative importance in different thories

Question 27

Reflex Theory

Answer 27

Integrative Power of CNS due to reflexes coordinating activities of organs Reflexes are the basic functional unit of complex behaviors Response to one stimulus acts as stimulus for the next

Question 28

Limitations to Reflex Theory

Answer 28

Doesn't Account For: -Voluntary Movement -Movement w/out sensory input -Fast movements too rapid for sensory feedback -Same stimulus giving different responses -New/novel movements

Question 29

Clinical Implication of Reflex Theory

Answer 29

Testing reflex strategies helps us predict function Movement behavior can be interpreted by presence/absence of reflexes

Question 30

Hierarchical Theory

Answer 30

High=Association Areas ; Middle=Motor Cortex ; Low= Spinal Each level controls the level below it (no bottom-up) NS= discrete organs with single function, somatotopic representation Higher centers inhibit lower reflex centers Unless cortical damage

Question 31

Neuromaturational Theory of Development

Answer 31

*Reflex/Hierarchical Theories* Neonatal reflexes in set progression = neural age Increased Corticalization of CNS means higher levels of control over lower level reflexes Primary driver of motor development

Question 32

Limitations of Hierarchical Theory

Answer 32

Can't explain dominant reflexes intact in adults (bottom-up LEGO step reaction) Lower reflexes are not always primitive and higher behaviors not always mature

Question 33

Clinical Implications Hierarchical Theory

Answer 33

Abnormal reflex organization implicates disorder in motor cortex

Question 34

Motor Programming Theory/Central Pattern Generator

Answer 34

Movement patterns occur in absence of stimulus or reflex Sensory input NOT essential, but helps modulate Spinally mediated motor programs Neural connections are hardwired and produce stereotyped behaviors Variability is an Error

Question 35

Generalized Motor Program Theory

Answer 35

Motor control happens in absence of feedback (ballistic movement control) and with generation of new movements Many different movements performed with same motor program/ abstract representation Creating of novel movements with new specified parameters

Question 36

Limitations of Motor Programming Theories

Answer 36

CPGs: don't replace importance of sensory input Can't be sole determinant of action (identical commands produce different actions) System must deal with musculoskeletal and environmental variables

Question 37

Clinical Implications of Motor Programming Theories

Answer 37

Help the patient re-learn the rules for actions and movements essential to a functional task

Question 38

Systems Theory

Answer 38

Body viewed as a mechanical system w/ mass & ext/int forces acting on it Same central command results in different movements depending on starting position Mechanical system has many degrees of freedom that MUST be controlled/ need to master redundant degrees Higher levels take advantage of functional capabilities of lower levels and reduce involvement of higher levels Tonus=Spinal Cord ; Synergies= Mid Brain ; Action = Frontal Cortex

Question 39

Synergies

Answer 39

Solve the degree of freedom problem Groups of muscles that are constrained to act together as a unit

Question 40

Dynamic Systems Theory

Answer 40

Mathematical, non-linear description of self-organization, individual parts and systems interact to produce motor control Less emphasis on CNS commands: control is distributed at same levels (no higher/lower control) Seeks physical/mechanical explanations of movement characteristics Variability inherent to a non-linear system = Flexible/Adaptable Attractor States*

Question 41

Non-Linear Properties

Answer 41

*dynamic systems* Output not proportional to input Transforms into new configuration when control parameter of behavior is gradually altered and reaches a critical value (walking--> trotting ---> galloping when velocity increases)

Question 42

Attractor States

Answer 42

Highly Stable, Preferred Patterns of Movement with small amounts of variability Energetically Efficient

Question 43

Attractor Well

Answer 43

Amount of flexibility to change a preferred movement pattern Shallow Well: unstable, easier to change, high variability Deep Well: stable, harder to change, low variability

Question 44

What theory is best at predicting actual behavior?

Answer 44

Systems Theory - considers gravity and inertia

Question 45

Limitations to Systems Theory

Answer 45

Lack of consensus on terminology/definitions Difficult to translate clinically

Question 46

Clinical Implications of Systems Theory

Answer 46

Output of nervous system is filtered through mechanical system w/ interacting impairments Movement is an emergent property Variability is Normal

Question 47

Ecological Theory

Answer 47

Motor system's interaction with environment to acheive task goals Detect and use enviornmental info to control movements (perception gives rise to action) Motor development is driven by interaction between environmental affordances and human motivation and perception

Question 48

Affordance

Answer 48

Possibility of an action in environment What the environment can offer *Depends on fit between body capabilities and physical properties of the environment*

Question 49

Limitations of Ecological Theory

Answer 49

Less emphasis/insight on nervous system function/disease or health status/organization

Question 50

Clinical Implications of Ecological Theory

Answer 50

Individual is an active explorer of task Can acheive task in multiple ways given a set of limitations Control and Manipulate Environment to elicit desired task outcome

Question 51

Integrated Approach

Answer 51

Combines elements from all theories Within the Individual, movement results form dynamic interplay between Perception, Cognition, and Action

Question 52

Neuro-Facilitation Approaches

Answer 52

Facilitation Techniques: increase patient's ability to move in "appropriate" ways Inhibition Techniques: decrease patient's use of "abnormal" movement patterns Based on Reflex-Hierarchical Theory: higher centers must regain control over lower centers Assumes repetition of normal movement patterns will automatically transfer to functional tasks

Question 53

Clinical Implications of Neuro-Facillitation Approaches

Answer 53

Identify presence/absence of reflexes controlling movement Modify CNS through stimulation Help patient regain normal movement patterns for functional recovery

Question 54

Task-Oriented Approach

Answer 54

*Based on Systems Theory* Normal movement is interaction among different systems, goal constrained by environment Abnormal movement from impairments in 1+ systems and remaining systems compensate

Question 55

Clinical Implications of Task-Oriented Approach

Answer 55

Work on identifiable functional tasks rather than movement patterns Patients actively attempt to solve problems Focus on adapting to changes in environment