QUIZ 1 Flashcards
(64 cards)
The study of all the physical and chemical processes that take place in organisms in order for them to perform all the functions and activities associated with living.
Physiology
A fundamental concept in physiology that refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Homeostasis
Provides internal fibrous structure to cells because the cell is not ‘just a bag in a bubble’; it contains lots of internal fibers or an internal ‘skeleton.’ It is not rigid like bone; instead, it is capable of being assembled, allowing cell movement, cell division, internal motion of the organelles, and being broken down in minutes.
Cytoskeleton
The fluid outside the cells in the body and is synonymous with the internal environment. Extracellular fluid is found in blood (i.e. plasma), in tissues (i.e. interstitial fluid), in the lymphatic system (i.e., lymph), in joints (i.e., synovial fluid), in the eyes (i.e., aqueous and vitreous humors), and in the central nervous system (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid).
Extracellular Fluid
Spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is in-folded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion is known as the power house of the cell as it generates ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell.
Mitochondria
When the brain’s temperature regulation center in the hypothalamus receives data from the sensors indicating that the body’s temperature exceeds its normal range, it stimulates a cluster of brain cells referred to as the thermoregulatory center.
Hypothalamus
Jelly-like material present outside the nucleus in which the cell organelles are located. It is the site of protein synthesis and many metabolic events. The cytoplasm contains many enzymes for general metabolism. It contains fibre of the cytoskeletal system, which organizes cytoplasmic structure.
Cytoplasm
The Ancient Greek philosopher Hippocrates believed that the body contained four important fluids called the ‘four humors’: phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile.
Hippocrates
The fluid outside the cells in the body and is synonymous with the internal environment. Extracellular fluid is found in blood (i.e. plasma), in tissues (i.e. interstitial fluid), in the lymphatic system (i.e., lymph), in joints (i.e., synovial fluid), in the eyes (i.e., aqueous and vitreous humors), and in the central nervous system (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid)
Extracellular Fluid
They are organelles of locomotion. Both of them contain 9 double rings of microtubules, 2 central microtubules, two motor proteins, i.e., motor protein 1-dynein and motor protein 2-kinesin, which allow motion along microtubules.
Cilla and Flagella
The kidneys help regulate the body’s fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and acid-base balance. They filter blood, reabsorb essential substances, and excrete waste products to maintain internal equilibrium.
Renal System
Small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis. Ribosome size is measured in Svedberg (S) units; derived from sedimentation in ultracentrifuge (used before electron microscopes were available).
Ribosome
The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Emil von Behring, who performed pioneering research on treating diphtheria and tetanus.
Emil Von Behring
The control center is the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range.
Control Center
Researchers study how cells carry out their processes and interact with each other. Two areas of interest include how molecules are transported across the cell membrane and how neurons transmit electrical impulses.
Cell Physiology
It is a spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. It controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
Nucleus
is the liquid portion of blood and functions to move red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrient molecules, gases, electrolytes, and wastes throughout the circulatory system.
Plasma
Looks at how physiology changes during embryonic development and also across the lifespan of an organism.
Developmental Physiology
A sensor, also referred to as a receptor, detects when the stressor/stimulus produces a deviation in a physiological value away from the set point.
Receptor
Thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. It is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
Cell Membrane
When the brain’s temperature regulation center in the hypothalamus receives data from the sensors indicating that the body’s temperature exceeds its normal range, it stimulates a cluster of brain cells referred to as the thermoregulatory center.
Thermoregulatory Physiology
Looks at how physiology has changed over many generations through evolution. It can incorporate behavior, sexual selection, and changes based on geographic range, among other factors.
Evolutionary Physiology
A hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which can be used as an energy source. The breakdown of glycogen into glucose also results in increased metabolism and heat production.
Epinephrine
These are single membrane oval or spherical cellular organelles. They are also called as micro bodies. They contain catalase enzyme. Peroxisomes are involved in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids and synthesis of plasmalogens and glycolipids.
Peroxisomes
