Quiz 1

Question 1

function of epithelial tissues

Answer 1

sheets of cells, cover, line, and form glandular tissue

nonexcitable

avascular

adherant to basement membrane

regenerative

Question 2

simple epitheleal cells

Answer 2

1 layer

Question 3

stratefied epithealeal cells

Answer 3

multiple layers

Question 4

squamous

Answer 4

flat, allow for rapid diffusion

Question 5

cuboidal

Answer 5

cube shaped

Question 6

simple squamous examples

Answer 6

endothelium: lining of blood vessels
mesothelium: lining of thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 7

simple cuboidal

Answer 7

primarily secratory

Question 8

pseudostratefied

Answer 8

often secretory, often modified

Question 9

simple columnar

Answer 9

primarily secratory, gut, intestine, goblet cells

Question 10

transitional

Answer 10

urinary bladder, ureter, and urethral linings

Question 11

stratified squamous

Answer 11

mult layers, primarily for protection, upper and lower GI tract, skin

Question 12

4 classes of conective tissue

Answer 12

1. fibroblasts–> connective tissue proper
2. chondroblasts –>cartilage
3. osteoblasts –> bone
4. hemocytoblasts –> blood

Question 13

connective tissue is..

Answer 13

the most abundant in the body highly vascularized lots of extracellular stuff

Question 14

connective tissue matrix

Answer 14

fluid fibers proteoglycans

Question 15

collagen

Answer 15

triple chain structure glycine, proline, hydroxyproline

Question 16

clinical collagen problems

Answer 16

scurvy: vitamin C deficiency, needed to make hydroproline to form proline

osteogensis imperfecta: severe bony deformities

Question 17

GAGs

Answer 17

give bone shock absorbing properties

Question 18

loose connective tissues

Answer 18

mesenchyme: embryonic connective tissue areolar: under epithelia, packages organs, mast cells migrate thru it adipose: fat, small spaces between cells reticular:liver, lymph noders, bone marrow, spleen. compartmentalizes cells within organs

Question 19

dense connective tissue

Answer 19

regular: tendons, ligs, apaneuroses. -neatly aligned collagen fibers, strong irregular: dermis, organ capsules, fascia. -oriented in different directions, forces can be resisted in mult directions elastic: BV walls, trachea, bronchi, vocal cords, ligamentum flavum

Question 20

hyaline cartilage

Answer 20

ends of long bones, costal cart of nose, trach, larynx shock absorption

Question 21

fibrocartilage

Answer 21

IV discs, pubic symphysis, menisci

Question 22

elastic cartilage

Answer 22

ext ear, epiglottis

Question 23

bone

Answer 23

oesteocytes in lacuna, not much fluid in matrix

Question 24

blood

Answer 24

lots of matrix, few cells

Question 25

reaction rate depends on

Answer 25

-[] of reactants and products -temp -AE -catalysts (enzymes)

Question 26

allosteric modulation

Answer 26

2 binding sites (functional and regulatory), needs a **modulator molecule** to bind to enzyme and change shape so that ligand can fit in functional site

Question 27

covalent modulation

Answer 27

covalent binding of **phosphate group** (from ATP) to a protein which changes its shape and allows for the binding of ligand

Question 28

protein kinase

Answer 28

cleaves phosphate from ATP and sticks it onto proteins

Question 29

phosphotases

Answer 29

takes phosphate off things

Question 30

Glycolysis

Answer 30

breakdown of glucuse anaerobic 2 net ATP splits glucose into 2 pyruvate fuel: carbs (anarobic) \*in order to break down fat, breakdown of carbs is required needs: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, glucose, 4 ADP, 4 phosphates makes: 4 ATP, 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ADP cytoplasm

Question 31

lactic acid and glycolysis

Answer 31

2 molecules of lactic acid for every 1 molecule of glucose broken down

Question 32

if O2 is available...

Answer 32

moves onto krebs cycle (aerobic)

Question 33

is O2 isnt available...

Answer 33

fermenatation and conversion to lactic acid

Question 34

pros/cons of glycolysis

Answer 34

ineffiecient can produce a lot of ATP quickly decays and fatigues if \>~2mins

Question 35

the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP yields

Answer 35

7 kcals of energy per mole

Question 36

prep step of krebs

Answer 36

pyruvate ---\> acetylCoA

Question 37

krebs cycle

Answer 37

makes: NADH, ATP, CO2, FADH2 fuel: fat is more effective, carbs, protein (last resort) mitochondrial matrix

Question 38

electron transport chain

Answer 38

products: 3 ATP per ADP (10) and 2 ATP per NAD2H (2) final electron acceptor: oxygen end product: water

Question 39

diffusion

Answer 39

movement of molecules from high concentration to low due to **random thermal motion**

Question 40

net flux occurs

Answer 40

down a [] gradient

Question 41

ion channels

Answer 41

non gated: move via simple diffusion ligand gated: also acts as a receptor, ligand binds, channels open voltage gated: closed till a change in voltage occurs mechanically gated:like cilia in ears, req a physical movement to open gates

Question 42

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 42

stable but fluid amphipathic: hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends (tails: phobic, heads: philic)

Question 43

cholesterol

Answer 43

maintains and adds stability to the membrane

Question 44

simple diffusion

Answer 44

non mediated, no energy required, rate: Fick eqn

Question 45

molecule mvmt thru channels

Answer 45

small diffuse more easily, dont need pores/channels polar have a hard time inside of the cell tends to be -, + ions move in freely

Question 46

facilitated diffusion

Answer 46

reqs a carrier molecule no energy expended, can only occur down the gradient glucose into skeletal muscle

Question 47

facilitated diffusion mechanism saturation

Answer 47

as [] increases in solute, the flux will plateau at a certain point when all transporters are being used

Question 48

pumps

Answer 48

transport things against the gradient (low to high)

Question 49

primary acive transport

Answer 49

binding site in the protein is changed, costs energy, moves across [] gradients

Question 50

secondary active transport

Answer 50

no direct utilization of ATP, cotransporters, depends on the maintence of the [] gradient allosteric modulation by sodium in high concentration release of sodium in low concentration moves against gradients brings 2 things into the cell (sodium and whatevers being transported)

Question 51

endo and exocytosis

Answer 51

transports bigger things into and out of the cells

Question 52

types of endocytosis

Answer 52

phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 54

fibroblasts

Answer 54

connective tissue

Question 55

chondroblasts

Answer 55

cartilage

Question 56

osteoblasts

Answer 56

bone

Question 57

hemocytoblasts

Answer 57

blood