Quiz 1

Question 1

What are the four ethical theories?

Answer 1

Utilitarianism
Rights-based ethics
Duty-based ethics
Virtue-based ethics

Question 2

What are the four moral principles?

Answer 2

Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Justice

Question 3

What is utilitarianism?

Answer 3

The principle of the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 4

What is rights-based ethics?

Answer 4

Moral entitlements are owed by virtue of being human (ie. the right to free speech)

Question 5

What is duty-based ethics?

Answer 5

Based on absolute moral rules; universal principles should guide all decisions/actions

Question 6

What is virtue-based ethics?

Answer 6

Humans can develop qualities that help us become virtuous, or “approved of” by all

Question 7

What are the four cardinal virtues?

Answer 7

Prudence
Justice
Fortitude
Temperance

Question 8

What is prudence?

Answer 8

Allows us to judge correctly what is right and what is wrong in any given situation

Question 9

What is justice?

Answer 9

The constant and permanent determination to give everyone his rightful due

Question 10

What is fortitude?

Answer 10

Courage, to remain reasonable and steady of will in the face of obstacles

Question 11

What is temperance?

Answer 11

Moderation or voluntary self-restraint; how far one can act on personal desires

Question 12

What are the forms of undue influence?

Answer 12

Coercion
Persuasion
Manipulation

Question 13

What is coercion?

Answer 13

One person intentionally uses a credible and severe threat of harm or force to control another

Question 14

What is persuasion?

Answer 14

A person comes to believe in something due to reasons that another person advances

Question 15

What is manipulation?

Answer 15

Deliberate act of managing information that alters a person’s understanding of a situation and motivates him/her to do what the “agent of influence” intends

Question 16

What are the different types of negligence?

Answer 16

Advertent: intentionally imposing unreasonable risks of harm
Inadvertent: unintentionally but carelessly imposing risks of harm

Question 17

What are essential elements of due care?

Answer 17

1. ) The professional must have a duty to the affected party
2. ) The professional must breach that duty
3. ) The affected party must experience a harm
4. ) The harm must be caused by the breach of duty

Question 18

What are the theories of distributive justice?

Answer 18

Utilitarian
Libertarian
Communitarian
Egalitarian

Question 19

What is the libertarian view?

Answer 19

Health care is not a right; left for those who can afford it; doesn’t favor taxing the wealthy

Question 20

What is the communitarian view?

Answer 20

Each citizen should care for the community, and the community should support each individual; care for elderly, handicapped, the mentally ill

Question 21

What is the egalitarian view?

Answer 21

Persons should receive certain benefits (health care) but not all benefits are shared equally; eligible for adequate but not maximal health care

Question 22

What are barriers to effective communication?

Answer 22

Presence of family members

Teenagers

Question 23

What are conditions that may cause a negative response by a clinician towards a patient?

Answer 23

=Conditions for which medicine has no cure
=Conditions for which the probability of cure or significant alleviation is low
=Conditions that challenge a physician’s technical competence or diagnostic skills
=Conditions for which a physician perceived that patient or some other person to be responsible

Question 24

What are social conditions that may cause a negative response by a clinician towards a patient?

Answer 24

=Characteristics that appear to threaten or impede the course of therapy
-Characteristics that appear to threaten a physician’s authority or prestige
=Characteristics that jeopardize a physician’s economic efficiency
=Characteristics that violate a physician’s personal norms even though they are unrelated to the medical condition

Question 25

Why might a patient be non-compliant?

Answer 25

Too costly, too inconvenient, too difficult, lack of understanding, investigate the reason they are not following your plan of therapy

Question 26

What are characteristics of drug seeking patients?

Answer 26

1.) Can be for more than just narcotics (ie. antibiotics/Viagra) 2.) often calls after hours when patient charts are unavailable 3.) occasionally will have a chart under more than one name 4.) seeing several physicians simultaneously for same condition 5.) repeated "loss" of prescriptions 6.) request a med by name and will declare to have an "allergy" to lesser-strength drugs 7.) may refuse to sign a release of medical records from their former physician

Question 27

What is the key in sued vs. never sued physicians?

Answer 27

Bad outcomes + patient anger/dissatisfaction

Question 28

Why do patients litigate?

Answer 28

Physician communication problems, physician attitude, financial incentives

Question 29

What are the steps to end a doctor patient relationship?

Answer 29

Send written notification by mail and get a return receipt request, specific end date (30 days), do not recommend a specific physician, offer to send copies of the patient's records to new physician