Quiz #1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
pathology
A
studying of disease (suffering)
2
Q
homeostasis
A
is the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
3
Q
Optimal homeostasis is interchangeable with _____ _____
A
optimal health.
4
Q
disease
A
a structural and/or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism; a deviation from optimal homeostasis
5
Q
What is the difference between a sign and symptom?
A
Sign is objective (physical examination)
Symptom is subjective (patient’s experience)
6
Q
Is a fever an example of a sign or a symptom?
A
Sign
7
Q
Is pain or numbness an example of a sign or symptom?
A
Symptom
8
Q
What are the two factors that influence a cell’s ability to adapt?
A
the cell type and nature of the cellular stress
9
Q
What are the four main adaptations to cellular stress?
A
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia
10
Q
The cause or set of causes, or manner of causation of a given pathology
A
Etiology
11
Q
nature vs. nurture
A
genetic susceptibilities and environmental triggers
12
Q
a sequence of events involved in the cellular and molecular change involved with a specific disease process
A
Pathogenesis
13
Q
Physiological adaptations
A
responses that would be expected to occur with normal physiological changes.
14
Q
Pathological adaptations
A
responses to excessive cellular stress and indicate a loss of optimal structure and function
15
Q
An increase in the size of a cell
A
hypertrophy
16
Q
T/F: hypertrophy is a common adaptation in cells that are capable of mitosis
A
False- these cells are incapable of mitosis/ have a limited capacity for division
17
Q
The term for narrowed heart valve
A
stenosis
18
Q
Hypertrophy occurs due to what two things?
A
increase growth factors and overloading cell tissue
19
Q
T/F: when estrogen acts as a growth factor on a pregnant uterus, this growth is a combination of BOTH hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
A
TRUE
20
Q
Increased number of cells, due to cellular division and frequently results in an enlargement of the involved tissue
A
Hyperplasia
21
Q
Biopsy
A
an examination of a tissue removed from a living body to discover presence, cause, or extent of a disease.
22
Q
T/F: HPV is an example of hypertrophy
A
False- hyperplasia can be stimulated by certain viral infections. HPV being one of them.
23
Q
Atrophy
A
the shrinkage of cell size, due to a loss of cell’s structural proteins
24
Q
Atrophy happens because of what two things?
A
- reduced protein synthesis
2. increase rate of protein breakdown
25
T/F: A cell that undergoes atrophy is dead
False
26
Metaplasia
a form of cellular adaptation where one cell type is replaced by another cell type
27
Causes of tissue atrophy
immobilization, denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, endocrine disruption and aging
28
T/F: metaplasia is reversible
true
29
T/F: metaplasia does not predispose the involved cells to malignant transformation
false - it does
30
Name two prolonged stressors that cause metaplasia over time
GERD - stratified epithelial cells are replaced by columnar cells
Smoking - normal dilated columnar epithelia are replaced by stratified squamous cells
31
ischemia
insufficient blood supply to a tissue
32
hypoxia
when and organ is not receiving adequate oxygen within the arterial blood supplying the organ
33
T/F: ischemia and hypoxia are usually related to each other
true
34
Necrosis
form of cellular death involving destruction of cellular membranes, which inflammatory reaction will bring phagocytes to the area to eliminate dead cellular debris
35
apoptosis
form of regulated cell death that allows controlled cellular breakdown
36
Cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin, which may develop following tissue ischemia or hypoxia
37
hyperglycemia causes _____ _____ _____ among individuals with diabetes.
peripheral vascular disease
38
excessive water consumption (water intoxication) can cause ____ ____
brain swelling
39
Poison vs. toxin
substance secreted from a living organism vs. substance that may kill, injury, or impair a living organism.
40
cellular senescence (aging)
reduced capacity for cells to react to stress, and maintain homeostasis
41
what are the two things that reversibly injured cells present with
cellular swelling and accumulation of fat (steatosis)
42
_____ _____ develops because injured cells may not have enough ATP to 'power' ATP-dependent pumps (sodium potassium or calcium ion pumps)
cellular swelling
43
T/F: when cellular swelling occurs the nucleus is not in tact
FALSE -- it is still intact that is why it is reversible
44
What is the primary organ that manifests fatty change following injury?
Liver
45
Cellular death is associated with 3 features, list them:
significant mitochondrial damage or dysfunction
a damaged of dysfunctional plasma membrane
genetic or nuclear damage
46
if someone survives a liquefactive necrosis what will form/is remaining?
a cavitation
47
what is a condition that results in liquefactive necrosis
hypoxia to cells of the CNS
48
what is liquefactive necrosis
characteristically associated with bacterial infections, but deep fungal infections may also produce this pattern of tissue death where they rapidly liquify and bring a lot of WBC's to the area to digest the mass.
49
What type of necrosis is known as "friable" and is often caused by tuberculosis
caseous necrosis
50
microscopically what is commonly found in caseous necrosis
a caseous granuloma which is a collection of macrophages
51
fat necrosis is also known as what kind of necrosis
enzymatic necrosis
52
which type of necrosis likely stems from a ruptured pancreas
fat (enzymatic) necrosis
53
what is a common cause of enzymatic necrosis
acute pancreatitis from chronic alcoholism
54
what type of accident could cause a pancreas to rupture and what type of necrosis would that be?
motor vehicle accident, fat necrosis
55
what type of necrosis requires a microscope to see?
fibrinoid necrosis
56
fibrinoid necrosis is typically caused by inflammation within vessel walls, and might manifest as what under a light microscope
eosinophilic appearance
57
what is a rare fibrinoid necrosis associated with elevated blood pressure
malignant hypertension
58
T/F apoptosis is inflammatory
false
59
both apoptotic pathways (name them) cause a caspase enzyme cascade which fragments the cells nucleus and forms ____ bodies.
mitochondrial and death receptor, apoptotic bodies
60
which apoptotic pathway is intrinsic? which extrinsic?
mitochondrial, death receptor
61
which caspases do each apoptotic pathway use?
mitochondrial = 9, death receptor = 8
62
what does extrinsic pathway mean?
the pathway is initiated on the outside surface of the cell
63
can necrosis ever be physiologic
NO only pathologic
64
autophagy only occurs during times of plentiful nutrients T/F
false during little nutrients, times of deprivation
65
what does autophagy do to its own cells organelles
sequesters them into an autophagic vacuole and the cells lysosomes eat those as a source of nutrients.
66
T/F autophagy happens no matter how long you are nutrient deprived
false, after a super long period of time the cell stops doing this and just apoptoses.
67
Apoptosis is needed when the cell is experiencing the following 4 things:
severe DNA damage
severe protein damage
a loss of cellular survival signals
cells that have been infected by viruses
68
Eosinophilia
necrotic cells with an increased PINK or RED appearance (stained under microscope)
69
myelin figures
necrotic cells contain membrane damage and myelin figures are "rolled-up" or scroll-like area of the lipid bilayer that is within a cell
70
T/F (TQ): the myelin figures seen under the microscope are actually involved with myelin.
FALSE: just resemble the myelin sheath around it
71
Pyknosis
nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia
72
Karyorrhexis (after pyknosis)
the cell fragments or falls apart
73
karyolysis
continued degradation of the cell and the basophilia fades. (1-2 days it completely disappears)
74
How many patterns of necrosis are there?
6
75
what type of necrosis deals with solid organs experiencing severe ischemia?
coagulative necrosis
76
In coagulative necrosis, does the tissue damaged immediately develop a cavity where scar tissue will develop?
No, it will maintain a firm texture for several days. Once the inflammatory cells accumulate at the site, that is when we will see the cavity begin to form
77
If the CNS experiences ischemia what type of necrosis does it undergo?
liquefactive necrosis
78
where does gangrenous necrosis often settle?
feet and hands
79
what are some examples of conditions that produce gangrene...
PVD, frostbite, major trauma that obstructs blood supply
80
what is the uncomplicated gangrene called
dry gangrene
81
bacteria such as clostridium perfringens causes what type of gangrene
gas gangrene-- the tissue is infected and the gas by products become trapped within the tissues
82
hypoxia and ischemia inhibit a cell's ability to do what?
produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria.
83
what types of cells are more resistant to hypoxia?
cells that can switch over to glycolysis, unlike cardiac or CNS cells since they cant.
84
Inhibited ATP production will cause what to cells?
destruction of cellular membranes thus triggering necrosis
85
What compound do cells that can perform glycolysis produce that may injure the cell?
lactic acid, due to making a lower ph environment
86
What is the primary place in the cell that the abnormal substances accumulate?
cytoplasm
87
What is a molecule with an unpaired electron in their outer orbital shell called?
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
88
caput medusae
present when superficial epigastric veins become engorged. occurs when advanced liver cirrhosis prevents blood from flowing through the liver.
89
Mallory bodies
an intracellular inclusion that are accumulate in the liver cells of patients who have alcoholic liver disease.
90
conditions that stimulate Non alcoholic fatty liver disease
obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia (high LDLs & low HDLs) and even chronic hypertension.
91
what type of injury happens when the toxin directly kills or binds to the cell interfering with its function.
direct (toxic) injury. sometimes called "cytotoxicity"
92
what type of injury occurs when the substance itself doesnt cause direct injury but is converted into a byproduct which ends up doing the harm?
latent (toxic) injury. typically occurs within the smooth ER of liver via cytochrome P450 - too much tylenol (acetaminophen)
93
T/F: damage to a cells nuclear DNA will produce mutations
True
94
T/F: mutations to the DNA will trigger apoptosis
true
95
What are the three sources of genetic damage?
ionizing radiation, viral infections or various chemicals
96
4 mechanisms of intracellular accumulations:
1. abnormal metabolism
2. defective protein folding or transport
3. defective or absent enzymes
4. ingestion of indigestible materials
97
What is the primary place in the cell that the abnormal substances accumulate?
cytoplasm
98
Ascites
develops when the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen accumulates excessive fluid (edema).
99
caput medusae
present when superficial epigastric veins become engorged. occurs when advanced liver cirrhosis prevents blood from flowing through the liver.
100
Mallory bodies
an intracellular inclusion that are accumulate in the liver cells of patients who have alcoholic liver disease.
101
conditions that stimulate Non alcoholic fatty liver disease
obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia (high LDLs & low HDLs) and even chronic hypertension.
102
what is the most common cause of fatty liver disease, inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis)
excessive alcohol consumption
103
Does cirrhosis or hepatitis take longer to develop?
cirrhosis - it takes 20 years of heavy drinking to develop this. only a few weeks of heavy drinking for hepatitis to develop.
