Quiz 1 Flashcards
(38 cards)
Define research.
Compromise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge - including the knowledge of humankind, culture and society - and to devise new applications of available knowledge
What are 3 ways to believe?
Tenacity
Authority
Empiricism
Why is our gut flawed?
We like to be correct (confirmation bias)
We are overconfident
Above average phenomenon
Hindsight bias
Describe science vs pseudoscience.
Pseudoscience:
- criticism = conspiracy
- ball-park measurements
- not peer-reviewed
- cannot be reproduced
- fixed ideas
- big claims
- selects favorable discoveries
What is the PICO model?
Population
Intervention
Control
Outcome
What are the 4 types of research?
exploratory
descriptive
explanatory
control
What are the 4 different types of question
memory
convergent
divergent
evaluative
What is basic vs applied research?
Basic: generate and expand knowledge
Applied: solve a practical problem
How do you describe a good question?
One you feel passionate about answering
One that is empirical
How to determine if it is a reliable source?
Current Reliable Accuracy Authority Purpose
Compare popular vs scholarly works. Mention: Purpose Audience Authors Characteristics
popular P: entertain A: everyone A: journalists C: entertaining, catchy title
Scholarly P: inform, increase knowledge A: scholars A: scholars C: hard to read
Describe hypothesis and theory.
hypothesis: an educated guess, based on observation about the causes or outcomes of an event, can be disproven but not proven to be truth
theory: summarize hypothesis supported with repeated tests: an “accepted hypothesis”, can be disproven
What are the differences and similarities between hypothesis and theory?
Differences: possible vs certainty substantiated vs not limited data vs lots specific observation vs general
similarities:
testable
falsifiable
What are 6 strategies to generate hypotheses?
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning introspection Focus on the exception Matter of degree Change the direction
What are the 4 features of a good hypothesis?
justifiable and grounded in observations
be testable
predict a relationship between two or more variables
not vague
Describe causal vs associative.
causal:
dieting men who are participating in a formal exercise program will have greater weight loss than those who are not
associative:
there is a positive relationship between the amount of exercise and weight loss among men who are dieting
Explain the difference between causal and associative.
causal is a definitive statement, and it is often not true
Describe simple vs complex
simple:
infants born to mothers who had iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy have lower birth weight than infants born to mothers with normal iron levels
complex:
infants born to mothers who had iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy have lower birth weight, at at increased risk of preterm delivery, and have more neurological complications than infants born to mothers with normal iron levels
Describe directionality
- The incidence of bed sores is related to the frequency of turning patients
- patients turned at least every two hours have a lower incidence of bed sores than patients who turned less frequently
Describe null hypothesis
There is no relationship between gender and knowledge of the food pyramid among teenagers
Teenage girls are better informed about the food pyramid than teenage boys
What is knowledge diffusion?
Passive dissemination (push it out), putting the knowledge out there instead of keeping it to ourselves
Ex:
Publishing peer-reviewed articles
Presenting findings in academic meetings
What is knowledge translation?
Apply the findings of the research to the real world to improve the health of a population, to provide more effective health care services and products and to strengthen the health care system
What is soft money?
only get paid if you get a research grant (all the time spent looking for a sponsor is not taken into account and not recompensed)
What are the 5 A’s of evidence-based practice?
Assess the situation Ask the question Access the literature Appraise evidence Apply evaluated evidence into practice