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Research Methods > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define research.

A

Compromise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge - including the knowledge of humankind, culture and society - and to devise new applications of available knowledge

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2
Q

What are 3 ways to believe?

A

Tenacity
Authority
Empiricism

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3
Q

Why is our gut flawed?

A

We like to be correct (confirmation bias)
We are overconfident
Above average phenomenon
Hindsight bias

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4
Q

Describe science vs pseudoscience.

A

Pseudoscience:

  • criticism = conspiracy
  • ball-park measurements
  • not peer-reviewed
  • cannot be reproduced
  • fixed ideas
  • big claims
  • selects favorable discoveries
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5
Q

What is the PICO model?

A

Population
Intervention
Control
Outcome

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of research?

A

exploratory
descriptive
explanatory
control

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7
Q

What are the 4 different types of question

A

memory
convergent
divergent
evaluative

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8
Q

What is basic vs applied research?

A

Basic: generate and expand knowledge
Applied: solve a practical problem

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9
Q

How do you describe a good question?

A

One you feel passionate about answering

One that is empirical

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10
Q

How to determine if it is a reliable source?

A 
Current
Reliable
Accuracy
Authority
Purpose
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11
Q 
Compare popular vs scholarly works. Mention:
Purpose
Audience
Authors
Characteristics
A 
popular
P: entertain
A: everyone
A: journalists
C: entertaining, catchy title
Scholarly
P: inform, increase knowledge
A: scholars
A: scholars
C: hard to read
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12
Q

Describe hypothesis and theory.

A

hypothesis: an educated guess, based on observation about the causes or outcomes of an event, can be disproven but not proven to be truth
theory: summarize hypothesis supported with repeated tests: an “accepted hypothesis”, can be disproven

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13
Q

What are the differences and similarities between hypothesis and theory?

A 
Differences:
possible vs certainty
substantiated vs not
limited data vs lots
specific observation vs general

similarities:
testable
falsifiable

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14
Q

What are 6 strategies to generate hypotheses?

A 
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
introspection
Focus on the exception
Matter of degree
Change the direction
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15
Q

What are the 4 features of a good hypothesis?

A

justifiable and grounded in observations
be testable
predict a relationship between two or more variables
not vague

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16
Q

Describe causal vs associative.

A

causal:
dieting men who are participating in a formal exercise program will have greater weight loss than those who are not

associative:
there is a positive relationship between the amount of exercise and weight loss among men who are dieting

17
Q

Explain the difference between causal and associative.

A

causal is a definitive statement, and it is often not true

18
Q

Describe simple vs complex

A

simple:
infants born to mothers who had iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy have lower birth weight than infants born to mothers with normal iron levels

complex:
infants born to mothers who had iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy have lower birth weight, at at increased risk of preterm delivery, and have more neurological complications than infants born to mothers with normal iron levels

19
Q

Describe directionality

A
  1. The incidence of bed sores is related to the frequency of turning patients
  2. patients turned at least every two hours have a lower incidence of bed sores than patients who turned less frequently
20
Q

Describe null hypothesis

A

There is no relationship between gender and knowledge of the food pyramid among teenagers

Teenage girls are better informed about the food pyramid than teenage boys

21
Q

What is knowledge diffusion?

A

Passive dissemination (push it out), putting the knowledge out there instead of keeping it to ourselves
Ex:
Publishing peer-reviewed articles
Presenting findings in academic meetings

22
Q

What is knowledge translation?

A

Apply the findings of the research to the real world to improve the health of a population, to provide more effective health care services and products and to strengthen the health care system

23
Q

What is soft money?

A

only get paid if you get a research grant (all the time spent looking for a sponsor is not taken into account and not recompensed)

24
Q

What are the 5 A’s of evidence-based practice?

A 
Assess the situation
Ask the question
Access the literature
Appraise evidence
Apply evaluated evidence into practice
25
Q

What are 3 boolean operators and what do they do?

A

AND - restrict
OR - expand
NOT - restrict

26
Q

What is nesting?

A

Applying parenthesis to make it more clear and specific

27
Q

What is an impact factor?

A

The number of times it’s been cited vs the number of articles published that year

28
Q

What are the 10 principles of Nuremberg Code?

A
  1. the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
  2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.
  3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.
  4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
  5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects.
  6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment..
  7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death.
  8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment.
  9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible.
  10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.
29
Q

What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

A

Where did it occur?
Alabama, Masen Accounting
Who conducted the research study?
US Public Health Service, Teskegee institute
What was the study objective?
Observe the natural history of untreated syphilis
Who were the participants?
African-American men infected with syphilis
What were the ethical dilemmas?
No consent - they did not know and agree to it
Vulnerable population that were told that they were getting health care and access to food, but it was not necessarily true
During the course of the study, a cure became known and it was never given to the men affected
They weren’t given the option to quit
Which of the 10 Nuremberg Code points were violated?
Length of study
A lot of them
How did the study end?
A whistleblower spoke up and then it got shut down
Motives of those involved?
The subjects: promessed care, food, felt important to be helping the government, might of felt pressured to get involved
The PHS personnel: fame and money, they felt like they could make a difference, they didn’t think that letting a few people get sick is not a big deal if it gets to treat many more people
The Tuskegee straff: the job, purpose, working with the government, feeling like they are making a difference

30
Q

What is the goal of the REB (2 things)

A
  1. to ensure the protection and promotion of human subjects research in institutions
  2. To ensure that proposed work complies with regulations, guidelines and ethical principles
31
Q

What is the REB composition?

A

2 experts on the subject
1 person that knows about laws
1 bioscientist
1 person from the community

32
Q

What research is covered by REB (2)?

A
  • those involving living human participants

- any human biological materials

33
Q

What is minimal risk?

A

probability and magnitude of possible harms implied by participation in the research is no greater than those encountered by participants in those aspects of their everyday life that relate to the research

34
Q

What are the 4 types of harm?

A
  • physical
  • psychological
  • social
  • economic/legal
35
Q

What are the 3 broad obligations of a responsible researcher?

A
  1. peers (honour trust our colleagues place in us)
  2. self (personal integrity in research realized through goals)
  3. public (directly affect health and policy)
36
Q

What are the 3 types of research misconduct?

A

Fabrication
Falsification
Plagiarism

37
Q

What are the 5 purposes for animal use in research?

A
  1. Fundamental research
  2. medical studies
  3. development of products
  4. regulatory testing
  5. educational purposes
38
Q

What are the 3 Rs principles?

A
  1. replacement
  2. reduction
  3. refinement

Research Methods (3 decks)

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