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ES 240 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Natural history

A

The observational study of organisms and their environment

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3
Q

Conservation biology

A

The use of biology to support a political cause

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4
Q

Environmentalism

A

A political cause dedicated to preserving the environment

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5
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that are similar enough to interbreed

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6
Q

Organism

A

An individual of a species

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7
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

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8
Q

Community

A

A group populations living in the same area and interacting

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9
Q

Ecosystem

A

The community of organisms living in an area, and the abiotic factors affecting them

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10
Q

Biosphere

A

The crust, atmosphere, and water where organisms can survive

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11
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism which can create complex organic molecules from simple compounds using energy from the environment

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12
Q

Ideology

A

A set of beliefs and ideals that are used to understand the world

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13
Q

Balance of nature

A

The idea that nature is designed/engineered to preserve all species

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14
Q

3 characteristics of authoritative knowledge

A
  1. Comes from outside of human sources
  2. Conveys absolute truth
  3. Mysterious; must be interpreted by specific individuals
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15
Q

People who control ________ and _______ control science

A

Time and money

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16
Q

Paradigm

A

An accepted model, or a set of beliefs that new scientists are educated in before performing research

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17
Q

Gradualism

A

The idea that chanme occurs gradually over time

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18
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

The idea that change occurs in rapid burst, with long periods of equilibrium in between

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19
Q

Normal science

A

Science conducted within an existing paradigm, where abnormal results are seen as the fault of the researchers and not the paradigm

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20
Q

Paradigm shift

A

When evidence against an established paradigm grows to a certain point, the paradigm collapses and a new paradigm forms, taking the new evidence into account

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21
Q

Kuhn

A

Developed the idea of punctuated equilibrium

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22
Q

5 steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Prediction
  5. Test/experiment
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23
Q

Null hypothesis

A

No relationship between two factors

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24
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

There is a relationship between two factors

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25
What three factors define biomes?
Temperature, water, sunlight
26
What biome takes up the most area?
Open ocean
27
What marine/terrestrial biomes are the most productive per unit area?
Algal beds/reefs, tropical rainforests
28
What marine/terrestrial biomes make up the largest proportions of earth’s primary productivity
Open ocean, tropical rainforests
29
Gross primary productivity
Carbon fixed per unit time
30
Net primary productivity
Total biomass accumulated by primary producers (GPP-respiration)
31
GPP efficiency
Energy fixed/energy in sunlight
32
Where is primary productivity highest in terrestrial/marine ecosystems?
Terrestrial: equator Marine: upwelling zones(mainly temperate)
33
What factors are limiting in terrestrial/marine ecosystems?
Terrestrial: bioavailable carbon Marine: bioavailable nitrogen
34
Why is the ocean not productive?
Separation between nutrients (at bottom) and light (at top)
35
Why is the ocean dominated by microphytes?
Microphytes can move up/down in water to resist the movement of the currents. Macrophages would drift with currents and would be moved out of their zone of tolerance
36
What is unique about the Sargasso Sea?
Circular currents allow macrophytes to grow
37
What are the three nutrient categories of lakes?
Oligotrophic-low productivity Mesotrophic- moderate productivity Eutrophic-high productivity
38
Which lakes are the most susceptible to summer/winter kill?
Eutrophic
39
Ingestion
The biomass consumed, out of the amount available in the prey
40
Assimilation
The amount of biomass absorbed, out of the amount ingested
41
Production efficiency
The amount of biomass produced from biomass assimilated
42
Lindemann efficiency
Production of trophic level 2/ production of trophic level 1 (ingestion efficiency+assimilation efficiency + production efficiency)
43
What are three challenges with estimating secondary production?
1. Organisms don’t always fit neatly into trophic levels 2. It is difficult to account for detritivores 3. Adequate sampling
44
What three factors can be used to create an Eltonian pyramid, and which one always creates a pyramid?
Energy, number of individuals, biomass. Energy always creates an upright pyramid, while biomass can be upside down if there is high turnover, and numbers can be upside down if producers are much larger than herbivores.
45
How much of primary production is eaten by herbivores in marine/terrestrial systems?
Terrestrial: 4% Marine: 80%
46
What type of control (top down or bottom up) do marine/terrestrial systems experience?
Terrestrial: top-down (number if carnivores regulates herbivores/producers) Marine: bottom-up (amount of plankton controls number of other organisms)
47
Emergent properties
Properties that arise from the interactions of factors, and cannot be predicted by studying each factor independently
48
Exponential growth
Growth in which the rate of growth is proportional to population size
49
When does exponential growth occur?
- invasive species colonizing a new habitat | - early stages of succession
50
Malthus
A social economist who stated that all populations have the potential to grow exponentially until resources become limiting
51
Arctic Charr example
Four morphotyes of arctic charr evolved sympatrically through adaptive radiation
52
Eltonian/functional niche
The ecological function of a species
53
Hutchinsons niche
Fundamental niche: the total resource base that a species could use if there were no competitors Realized niche: the actual role that a species has in a community
54
Measurements of a niche
``` Niche breadth (generalist vs specialist) Niche separation (difference between two species) Niche overlap (amount of competition) ```
55
How do you increase species in a community
1. Increase resource base 2. Increase specialization 3. Increase tolerance for overlap 4. Increase resource use
56
Micro habitat partitioning
Similar species evolve to use slightly different segments of a habitat to avoid competition (ex: MacArthurs warblers)
57
Species enter a community with their _______ niche and evolve to a _____ niche
Fundamental, realized
58
Secondary sexual characteristics
Characteristics that are important to sexual reproduction but are not part of the reproductive system. Often, these are used by males to prove their fitness
59
Exploitative competition
One individual uses resources, making them unavailable for another (ex: human fishing)
60
Preemptive competition
One species takes over an area, preventing other species from becoming established (ex: barnacles on rock)
61
Interference competition
One species interfered directly with another species ability to acquire resources (ex: territorial bears)
62
What type of competition does not require resource limitations?
Interference competition

ES 240 (5 decks)

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