Quiz 2

Question 1

Grazer

Answer 1

An herbivore that eats green plant material near the ground

Question 2

Browser

Answer 2

An herbivore that consumes woody plant material

Question 3

Granivore

Answer 3

An herbivore that eats grain

Question 4

Frugivore

Answer 4

An herbivore that eats fruit

Question 5

Parts of predator/prey interactions

Answer 5

Detection, capture, handling

Question 6

Adaptations to prevent detection

Answer 6

Camouflage, search images, strong senses, behaviour

Question 7

Search image

Answer 7

Specific signal used to detect a predator/prey

Question 8

Capture adaptations

Answer 8

Speed, eyespots/eggspots, warning coloration, autotomization,

Question 9

Handling adaptations

Answer 9

Spines, toxins, hard covering

Question 10

Ambush predator

Answer 10

Predators that wait for their prey to come to them

Question 11

Stalking predator

Answer 11

Predator that follows its prey. May be cooperative or solitary

Question 12

When is cooperation favoured in predators?

Answer 12

When it increases per capita consumption

Question 13

When is cooperation favoured in prey?

Answer 13

When it decreases per capita risk

Question 14

Why do muskox form smaller herds than bison?

Answer 14

Limiting resources in the arctic

Question 15

What is herd size of muskox related to?

Answer 15

Predation risk

Question 16

Red queen hypothesis

Answer 16

Species must continually adapt to continue existing since their predators or prey are also adapting

Question 17

Why do humans collapse prey stocks?

Answer 17

No predator prey feedback

Question 18

Predator swamping

Answer 18

Timing a hatching date so that young emerge at the same time and predators are overwhelmed

Question 19

How have fish changed as a result of fishing?

Answer 19

Fish are smaller and reproduce at a younger age

Question 20

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 20

Optimizing energy gained from food versus energy spent getting food

Question 21

Energy maximizers

Answer 21

Maximize energy gain for energy spent (ex: bumble bee)

Question 22

Time maximizer

Answer 22

Maximize energy gain for time spent foraging

Question 23

Optimal foraging assumptions

Answer 23

1. Foraging behaviour has a genetic component and can be acted on by natural selection
2. Fitness is correlated with foraging efficiency

Question 24

Optimal diet model

Answer 24

Maximizes benefit through the type of food eaten

Question 25

Specialist

Answer 25

Has a very specific diet. High trophic efficiency with high search time

Question 26

Generalist

Answer 26

Eats a wide variety of foods. Low trophic efficiency with low search time

Question 27

When should a new item be added to a diet?

Answer 27

When E-(h+s) < Ei-hi | The energy gained from the new item is greater than the energy gained from the old item after searching

Question 28

When is a generalist strategy favored?

Answer 28

When search time is much greater than handling time

Question 29

When is a specialist strategy favored?

Answer 29

When handling time is much greater than search time

Question 30

Optimal use of food patch

Answer 30

Minimizes cost by calculating the optimum amount of time to spend in each food patch

Question 31

How do you determine the optimal amount of time to spend in a food patch

Answer 31

Depends on travel time. Draw a tangent from the start of travel to the energy gain line

Question 32

Should an individual spend more or less time in a patch if travel time is longer?

Answer 32

More time

Question 33

Functional response

Answer 33

Eating more or less prey

Question 34

Numerical/demographic response

Answer 34

Increase or decrease predator population

Question 35

What increases population size?

Answer 35

Births and immigration

Question 36

What decreases population size?

Answer 36

Deaths and emigration

Question 37

B

Answer 37

Birth rate

Question 38

D

Answer 38

Death rate

Question 39

N

Answer 39

Number of individuals in a population

Question 40

t

Answer 40

Time, usually in generations

Question 41

r

Answer 41

B-D

Question 42

rmax

Answer 42

Maximum value of r or intrinsic rate of population growth

Question 43

Exponential growth equation

Answer 43

dN/dt = rN

Question 44

When does exponential growth occur?

Answer 44

When invasive species enter a new habitat when there are no predators or disease or when area is expanded

Question 45

Predicting population size assuming exponential growth

Answer 45

Nt = Noe^rt

Question 46

Logistic growth equation

Answer 46

dN/dt = rmax N (K-N)/K

Question 47

K strategist

Answer 47

Produce small numbers of high-quality offspring

Question 48

R-Strategist

Answer 48

Produces large numbers of low quality offspring

Question 49

Type 1 survivorship curve

Answer 49

Low juvenile mortality with high mortality in old age

Question 50

Type 2 survivorship curve

Answer 50

Constant rate of mortality throughout life span

Question 51

Type 3 survivorship curve

Answer 51

High juvenile mortality with low mortality in old age

Question 52

Which species are found in early stages of succession?

Answer 52

Generalist or r selected species

Question 53

Which species are found in late stages of succession?

Answer 53

Specialist K selected species

Question 54

The enlightenment

Answer 54

Logic and reason we’re accepted as the foundation of knowledge

Question 55

Science

Answer 55

Uses complex logical analysis to find answers

Question 56

Common sense

Answer 56

The basic ability to perceive understand and judge things, common to most people

Question 57

Evidence

Answer 57

Factual knowledge or data that supports or does not support a hypothesis

Question 58

Empirical evidence

Answer 58

Evidence collected using the senses mainly through observation or experimentation

Question 59

Variable

Answer 59

A defined characteristic that varies from one biological entity to another

Question 60

Population

Answer 60

The entire collection of entities that we are interested in

Question 61

Sample

Answer 61

A randomly selected subset of a Population that is measured and used to estimate the distribution of a variable within the true population

Question 62

Parameter

Answer 62

A specific measurement of a population

Question 63

Statistic

Answer 63

An estimation of a population parameter