Quiz 1 - Cell Adaption

Question 1

Describe Atrophy

Answer 1

Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body

Question 2

Give examples of physiologic atrophy (3)

Answer 2

1. Thymus undergoing involution
2. Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause
3. Atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture

Question 3

Give examples of pathologic atrophy (3)

Answer 3

1. Ischemic organs are typically small (kidneys involved with atherosclerosis)
2. Testicular atrophy
3. Alzheimer dementia

Question 4

Describe Hypertrophy

Answer 4

Increase in the size of tissue or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

Question 5

Give examples of physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 5

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

Question 6

Give examples of pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 6

1. Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload
2. Concentric hypertrophy of left ventricular muscle typically seen in hypertension

Question 7

Describe Hyperplasia

Answer 7

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs

Question 8

Examples of hyperplasia

Answer 8

1. Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens

2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

Question 9

T or F, Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy cannot be seen together

Answer 9

False, they can.

Question 10

Give two examples of hyperplasia and hypertrophy together

Answer 10

1. Phsiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia
2. A hyperplastic prostate, (BPH) increases both the size and number of glands and stroma

Question 11

Describe Metaplasia

Answer 11

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment

Question 12

Examples of Metplasia

Answer 12

1. Squamous metaplasia of the broncial epithelium due to smoking
2. Gastric or glandular metaplasia of GE junction in Barrett Esophagus

Question 13

Describe Dysplasia

Answer 13

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection

Question 14

T or F, Dysplasia is considered a precancerous condition

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Example of dysplasia

Answer 15

Detection of cervical dysplasia base on PAP smears

Question 16

T or F, there is an association of dysplasia and cervical cancers with HPV

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Describe Anaplasia

Answer 17

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 18

4 examples of anaplasia

Answer 18

1. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
2. Cancer of the lung
3. Malignant melanoma
4. Renal cell carcinoma

Question 19

What is the hallmark of malignant transformation

Answer 19

Anaplasia

Question 20

Other names for anaplasia

Answer 20

Malignancy, carcinoma, cancer, neoplasm

Question 21

Simply differentiate between reversible injury and irreversible injury

Answer 21

If stress is removed in time, or if cell is able to withstand the assault, cell injury is reversible. If stress is severe, irreversible injury may lead to cell death

Question 22

What characterizes reversible cell injury

Answer 22

Typically mild or short-lived, cellular swelling (hydropic degeneration) and reflects increased influx of water into cytoplasm and mitochondria

Question 23

Give an example of reversible cell injury

Answer 23

Hypoxia, causes dysfunction of the ATP-driven Na+/K+ pump altering the permeability. Once ATP function is restored, the Na+ and the water are pumped out of the cell and the swelling disappears

Question 24

What happens in mitochondria in reversible cell injury

Answer 24

Swollen mitochondria generate less energy, so instead of oxidative ATP production, the cell reverts to anaerobic glycolysis which results in excessive production of lactic acid, cell pH becomes acidic which further slows down cell metabolism

Question 25

What determines reversible from irreversible cell injury?

Answer 25

If the nucleus remains untouched and if the energy source is restored, the cell will revert to its normal state.

Question 26

What constitutes irreversible cell injury?

Answer 26

If acute stress to which a cell must react exceeds its ability to adapt, the resulting changes in structure and function lead to death of a cell.

Question 27

How can irreversible cell injuries be diagnosed?

Answer 27

Can be seen by both light microscopy as well as ultrastructurally (EM)

Question 28

Damage to nucleus can present in what three ways?

Answer 28

1. Pyknosis - condensation of chromatin 2. Karyorrhexis - Fragmentation of the nucleus into small particles (nuclear dust) 3. Karyolysis - Invovles dissolution of the nucleus and lysis of chromatin by enzymes

Question 29

T or F, cytoplasm fragmented and lost is an example of irreversible cellular changes

Answer 29

True

Question 30

How can cytoplasm fragments and lost diagnosed?

Answer 30

Cytoplasmic enzymes such as AST or LDH are released from damaged cells and can be measured in the blood.

Question 31

Differentiate between necrosis and autolysis

Answer 31

Necrosis: seen in living (with inflammation ) Autolysis: seen in tissues after death

Question 32

What are the 4 types of necrosis

Answer 32

1. Coagulative 2. Liquefactive 3. Caseous 4. Fat

Question 33

Describe coagulative necrosis

Answer 33

Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured. Cell outlines are preserved and the cytoplasm appears finely granular

Question 34

Example of Coagulative necrosis

Answer 34

Occurs in solid internal organs | Best example is heart tissue undergoing a myocardial infarction

Question 35

Describe liquefactive necrosis

Answer 35

Refers to a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. Tissue becomes soft and gel-like

Question 36

Example of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 36

Most often in brain where the brain cells lose their contours and liquify

Question 37

Describe Caseous necrosis

Answer 37

Form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

Question 38

Example of caseous necrosis

Answer 38

Typically found in TB | Called Ghon Complex

Question 39

Describe Fat necrosis

Answer 39

Specilaized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

Question 40

Example of fat necrosis

Answer 40

Limited to fat tissue, usually around the pancreas

Question 41

What is Dystrophic Calcifications

Answer 41

Necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and frequently undergoes calcification - Macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues

Question 42

What is Metastatic calcifications

Answer 42

Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) usually associated with increased serum calcium levels, leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

Question 43

Example of metastatic calcifications

Answer 43

Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D toxicity, Chronic renal failure

Question 44

Example of dystrophic calcifications

Answer 44

- Atherosclerotic coronary arteries - Mitral or aortic valves - Breast cancers - Infant periventricular calcifications seen in congenital toxoplasmosis