quiz 1 info Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
infectious
A
caused by a biological agent (virus, bacteria, prion)
2
Q
communicable
A
person-to-person transmission
3
Q
morbidity
A
illness
4
Q
mortality
A
death
5
Q
zoonosis
A
disease transmitted from animals to humans
6
Q
nosocomial
A
acquired in health care setting
7
Q
what were hippocrates’ 4 humors?
A
blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
8
Q
blood associations
A
spring and air
9
Q
black bile associations
A
fall and earth
10
Q
yellow bile
A
summer and fire
11
Q
phlegm
A
winter and water
12
Q
what are the types of infectious agents?
A
worms, bacteria, fungus, virus, protists, and prions (prions won’t be discussed in class)
13
Q
bacteria
A
single-celled prokaryotic organisms
we do have normal flora, or good bacteria in/on body
can survive a variety of environments (water or soil), don’t need oxygen
14
Q
how are bacteria classified?
A
shape and gram positive or negative or neither (different compounds make up cell wall)
15
Q
why is it important to know gram +/-?
A
to determine medical approaches
16
Q
fungus
A
live in soil, plants on skin
used in bread and drugs, also mold or yeast
diseases like ringworm
17
Q
virus
A
rely on host cells to complete life cycle
very flexible and hard to treat
major cause of human illness and hospitalization
18
Q
how are viruses classified?
A
by structure, chemical composition (envelop or not, DNA or RNA), type of genome for replication of genetic material
19
Q
protist
A
eukaryotes that don’t really fit in an plant, animal, or fungi
many have flagella
protozoa are common cause of human disease (plasmodium -> malaria, trypanosome -> HAT/sleeping sickness)
20
Q
what are the different routes of transmission?
A
direct: contact (soil or skin-skin) and airborne (respiratory)
indirect: droplets or contaminated things (blankets or surgical equiptment)
vehicle (food, oral-fecal)
vector (mosquitoes and ticks)
21
Q
anaerobe bacteria
A
tetanus or botulism
22
Q
viruses can have a role in ___
A
natural selection
rabbits can be resistant to myxoma in Australia
23
Q
yellow fever
A
black vomit from swallowing blood
delay in Florida acceptance as state bc inability to maintain sufficient population
24
Q
yf in philadelphia 1793
A
probably brought by slave ships
Rush bled people, believed in imbalance of fluids (Hippocrates 4 humors)
believed Africans were immune, likely unaffected due to childhood exposure
25
yf in new orleans 1853
called "stranger's disease" because outbreaks assoc. with ships
severe population decline
commissions formed to combat outbreak, burned tar to purify air (miasma from Boyle)
26
yf in memphis 1878
set-up checkpoints and quarantine areas for epidemic
burned clothing and belongings of dead
still thought african americans were immune
dr. devese believed it was contagious
27
yf in cuba 1879-1881
used military "volunteers" to test mosquito theory
1900 - tried with more volunteers and got good, but not accepted, results
Reed of US yf commision tried controlled experiments
28
traditional african culture understanding of infectious disease
supernatural causes, spiritual diagnosis, plant/animal based treatments
29
classical cultures
500 BCE - 500 AD
romans, greeks, middle ages, and islamic societies
30
romans and infectious disease
developed aqueducts, sewage systems, waste removal rules, and hospitals
31
greeks and infectious disease
local city well to supply clean water and encouraged exercise
32
islamic societies and infectious disease
9th century - organized by nature of disease, not gender
11th - medical practice book, "Canon of Medicine"
book involved basic medicine and physiology, medical substances, diagnosis and treatment by body location, formulation, and non-localized conditions (obesity)
33
european middle ages
believed disease was caused by sin
experienced pan/epidemics of leprosy, bubonic plague, influenza, anthrax, and syphillis
34
what is cell theory?
idea that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells
35
who came up with cell theory?
schleiden, schwann, and virchow
36
Galen
physician to gladiators
dissected animals (building understanding of human body)
showed arteries contain blood, not air
37
vesalius
believed in surgery by anatomy
dissected criminals' bodies
made book based on observations of cadavers
understanding of human body not just by external observation
38
leeuwenhoek
first to see bacteria - "father of microbiology"
made his own microscopes
very detailed drawings of observed cells
39
semmelweis
noticed clinics has poor antiseptics and handwashing techniques
wanted to prevent childbed fever
many women died during childbirth in the hospital
40
germ theory
idea that germs/pathogens cause specific diseases
41
stages of development of infectious diseases
animal husbandry, agriculture, urban life in the bronze age, and extended trade and commerce
42
animal husbandry
domestication and use of animals in work force
people often lived with their animals
43
development of agriculture
more sedentary lifestyle, living in relatively permanent groups -> accumulation of waste -> attracts animals, worms, lice, fleas
irrigation -> contaminated water and aquatic pathogens
44
what is an example of a disease that can be spread by contaminated water
polio or typhoid
45
development of urban life - the bronze age
irrigation increase, specialization of trade led to people being continually exposed to specific pathogens (anthrax), rats attracted to waste piles
46
extended trade and commerce
bring disease to new populations
47
epi triad
host, environment, agent
48
changes in human population
overpopulation, inability to take care of waste, increased mobility, globalization of food preparation, impact of humans on environment
49
changes in environment
proximity to carriers, conditions now promote growth of pathogens/carriers, climate change
50
causes of resistance to antibiotics
over use, poor compliance, black market drugs, improper storage of drugs, use in agriculture
51
what factors do epidemiologists consider with outbreaks?
who - age, race, gender
where - work/living, city, suburb, etc.
when - seasonal?
what - do they have in common
how - is it transmitted
52
contemporary factors to spread of infectious disease
increased population (overpop. and inability to take care of waste), increased mobility, globalization of food prep, human impact on enviro., technology
53
bubonic plague and asian nomads
asian nomads had rules for catching certain rodents to avoid catching infectious diseases from them
54
leprosy/skin ailments
associated with curses from God or contact with "immoral women"
ancient and modern disease
55
historical malaria explanations
hippocrates - unhealthy marsh water
egyptians - ate garlic to ward off mosquitoes
exodus - cursing people with swarms of flies
india - evil spirits live in swamps
56
two people involved with germ theory
fracastoro - "contagions" can be passed from one to another
koch - established specific pathogen cause specific diseases with testing of anthrax and mice, created four postulates method
roux and behring - work with diphtheria and determining anti-toxin
57
two people involved in cell theory/understanding of the human body
leeuwenhoek - first to see bacteria, "father of microbiology"
vesalius - dissected criminals' bodies, first time observing anatomy directly, wrote book of findings
galen - physician to gladiators, dissected animals
58
koch's four postulates
1) bact/pathogen must be present in every case of disease but not in healthy individuals
2) bacteria must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
3) infect susceptible host with culture-grown bacteria, host gets same disease
4) isolate same bacteria from new infected host
59
limitations to koch's postulates
caused by opportunistic pathogen, not true pathogen
no good experimental host
can't do diseases involving multiple organisms (strep + staph = impetigo)
causative agents that can't be grown, like toxins (think diphtheria)
those with long latency periods
60
clinical diphtheria
bacteria found in upper resp. system of humans, cattle, and horses
can have sub-clinical infection, advance to think pseudo membrane (rarely find large numbers of bacteria or invasion in tissue)
death by suffocation
non-toxigenic strains exist, complex pathogenicity
rod shaped, gram +, produces toxin
61
challenges of increased global food production
transmission of diseases, increased population, requires environmental damage and resources
62
advantages to increased global food production
economic development that leads to access to clean water, education, healthcare, and better nutrition
63
basic info on dengue fever
enveloped, RNA virus
vectorborne from mosquitoes
four strains
64
demographic of dengue fever
immunocompromised (elderly and children)
increased risk in tropical and sub-tropical climates
65
treatments for dengue fever
no dengue specific medication
vaccination offered for after initial infection
66
symptoms of dengue fever
fever, headache
joint and muscle pain
nausea, vomiting
rash 3-4 days after fever onset
symptoms last 4-10 days, infection lasts 2-7 days
80% are asymptomatic
67
symptoms of severe/hemorrhagic dengue
due to damaged and leaky blood vessels
severe abdominal bleeding, fatigue, rapid breathing, blood in vomit or stool, bleeding of gums or nose
68
where is the outbreak of dengue?
Brazil - subtrpoic climate and poverty worsening transmission
69
basic info on mpox
enveloped double-stranded DNA virus
transmitted by direct contact
2 clades, I is more fatal than II
first identified in 1958
70
symptoms of mpox
rash, fever, mucosal lesions, swollen lymph nodes
71
where is the outbreak of mpox?
conflict in democratic republic of the congo
worsened by civilian displacement, abuse, and deaths
food insecurity and lack of infrastructure
difficult to implement humanitarian aid
72
drivers of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (polgreen)
human-ecosystem interactions, climate/weather/natural disasters, travel, poverty, governmental and geopolitical factors, behavioral changes, crowding/increased population density, and medical technology
73
examples of human-ecosystem interactions
changes in land use, deforestation, irrigation, intensification of farming and agriculture, crowded and diverse live-animal markets
74
examples of climate, weather, and natural disasters
floods/droughts, sea-level rise and flooding of low-lying coastal areas, earthquakes, tsunamis
75
examples of travel
spread of disease vectors (mosquitoes) on ships and airplanes, return home of ill travelers, passengers in confined spaces
76
example of poverty
lack of access to clean water, poor nutrition, homelessness, limited access to healthcare
77
examples of governmental and geopolitical factors
lack of investment in public health, wars and armed conflict, mass migration of displaced populations into crowded refugee camps
78
examples of behavioral changes and emerging infectious diseases
vaccine avoidance and refusal, intravenous drug use, and risky sexual activity
79
example of crowding/increased population density
colleges and universities, prisons, nursing homes and hospitals, megacities
80
examples of medical techonology
widespread use of antimicrobial agents leading to resistance, transplant and transfusions, medical devices (catheters and prosthetic joints)
