quiz 3 info

Question 1

how do vaccines prime the immune system?

Answer 1

expose body to pathogen to activate memory B and T cells for quicker and stronger response when exposed later

Question 2

what is an example of a disease that we eliminated using vaccinations?

Answer 2

small pox - human only disease

Question 3

why do we use vaccines?

Answer 3

to promote individual health and disrupt transmission

Question 4

what are the ways we disrupt transmission of a disease with vaccines?

Answer 4

herd immunity and prevent immunocompromised from becoming infected

Question 5

what are the challenges to making vaccines?

Answer 5

need to be able to:
- grow the pathogen
- identify its antigenic component
- animal model
- to be efficacious and outweigh adverse effects

Question 6

what are antigenic challenges to vaccines?

Answer 6

• need to isolate the pathogen
• may change over time due to high mutation rates
• multiple serotypes
• may not be very antigenic

Question 7

what are examples of pathogens that mutate at high rates?

Answer 7

HIV

malaria (plasmodium changes on cell surface)

Question 8

what is an example of a pathogen with multiple serotypes?

Answer 8

HPV

Question 9

what are the different types of vaccines?

Answer 9

live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, conjugate/subunit/recombinant, or mRNA

Question 10

what are live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 10

“reduced effect/force”

weaker forms of a virus/bacteria that’s altered to replicate much slower

Question 11

what’s an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 11

chicken pox or rotavirus

Question 12

what are inactivated vaccines?

Answer 12

pathogen disabled with heat, chemicals, or radiation

Question 13

what’s an example of an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 13

cholera or influenza

Question 14

what are toxoid vaccines?

Answer 14

ones that use a target protein that causes symptoms and looks similar but isn’t the exact same

treated with formalin to inactivate

use the toxin made by pathogen that causes disease to create immune response targeted at toxin instead of whole pathogen

Question 15

what are examples of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 15

diphtheria or tetanus

Question 16

what are conjugate/subunit/recombinant vaccines?

Answer 16

ones that link a polysaccharide to an immunogenic protein (specific piece of a pathogen) to associate that protein with an immune response

strong response targeted to key parts of pathogen

Question 17

what are examples of conjugate/subunit/recombinant vaccines?

Answer 17

HPV and hepatitis b

Question 18

what does immunogenic mean?

Answer 18

something that elicits an immune response and how strong that response is

Question 19

what do c/s/r vaccines allow for?

Answer 19

response to otherwise non-immunogenic pathogens

Question 20

what are mRNA vaccines?

Answer 20

endocytosis of mRNA w/ liposome (lipid), does what virus does to replicate but just inserts genes to get immune response

make proteins to trigger immune response, teaches body how to make antibodies for that protein

can do similarly with DNA, but has more steps

Question 21

what is an example of a mRNA vaccine?

Answer 21

covid

Question 22

what are the pros and cons of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 22

+: good immune response (strong and long lasting)

-: could get ill, needs to be refrigerated, hard to make for bacteria

Question 23

what are the pros and cons of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 23

+: won’t get sick

-: need more doses and is less immunogenic (bc pathogen isn’t replicating)

Question 24

what are the pros and cons of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 24

+: good for bacteria and other pathogens that produce toxins

-: may need boosters for ongoing protection

Question 25

what are pros and cons of c/s/r vaccines?

Answer 25

+: improve immunogenicity by linking polysacc. to protein and making it more immunogenic, easy to design for trials of recombinant DNA, can be used on ppl with weakened immune systems or long-term health problems -: may need boosters

Question 26

what are the pros and cons of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 26

+: shorter manufacturing time (bc no live virus) and won't get sick -: ---

Question 27

what are groups of ppl that are under-vaccinated in the US?

Answer 27

immigrants, underserved populations, inner cities, home/private schooled kids, some religious and cultural groups, home birth babies, and teens

Question 28

why can immigrants be under-vaccinated?

Answer 28

- loss of health network and imcomplete records - inability to adhere with complex vaccination schedules - lifestyle (working and busy) - maybe not required in country of origin

Question 29

what can underserved communities be under-vaccinated?

Answer 29

inability to access healthcare

Question 30

why can homeschooled or private school kids be under-vaccinated?

Answer 30

not as regulated as in public school systems

Question 31

why are some cultural groups under-vaccinated?

Answer 31

they may think they aren't at risk of the disease, but can change their mind ex: Amish

Question 32

why can home-birth babies be under-vaccinated?

Answer 32

no immediate access to vaccination upon birth like in hospital settings

Question 33

why can teens be undervaccinated?

Answer 33

don't go to health resources as often, especially if dropped out of school

Question 34

what are socioeconomic reasons for under-vaccination?

Answer 34

- cost of medication - social situations - immigration/travel - education - infrastructure - risk/benefit or cost/benefit analysis

Question 35

what are examples of social situations that can impact vaccination status?

Answer 35

kids or work

Question 36

how can education impact vaccination status?

Answer 36

lack of it can lead to misinformed fear of adverse reactions

Question 37

what are political reasons for under-vaccination?

Answer 37

- immigration - costs of medication - political conflict interfering with adherence

Question 38

what are examples of vaccination programs that have changed over time and/or in different countries?

Answer 38

polio and rotavirus

Question 39

how have polio vaccination programs differed btwn countries?

Answer 39

US: IPV-In bc no active polio cases Afghanistan/Gaza: OPV-LA bc no injection, lower cost, increased risk of disease here, and provides community-wide immunity

Question 40

how have polio vaccination programs changed over time?

Answer 40

past - endemic childhood disease late 1800s - endemic as sanitation decreased exposure, exposure in adulthood led to more severe disease

Question 41

what are interrupts to global eradication of polio in afghanistan?

Answer 41

banned house-to-house vaccination

Question 42

what are interrupts to global eradication of polio in pakistan?

Answer 42

complacency with success, misinformation, and hesitancy

Question 43

what is needed for effective gaza vaccination programming?

Answer 43

90% vax coverage to disrupt transmission second dose administered within six weeks of first for max coverage

Question 44

what are general factors interfering with global polio eradication?

Answer 44

VDPV (more common than WTPV1) limited healthcare facilities poor surveillance and diagnosis low levels of vaccination delayed reporting movement of ppl

Question 45

how have rotavirus vaccination programs changed over time?

Answer 45

past: all children became infected by the age of 5 1998: vax developed in US later: vaccine withheld due to association with intussusception - impacted foreign nations that relied on US standards for drug regulation, caused WHO criticism