Quiz 1- Lecture 1: Whole Brain Imaging

Question 1

What is Research?

Answer 1

A systematic and methodical investigation or inquiry into a specific subject, problem, or field of study with the aim of discovering, interpreting, or revising knowledge

Question 2

What does research involve?

Answer 2

The collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer questions, test hypotheses, or solve problems

Question 3

What are different forms of research?

Answer 3

Scientific experiments, surveys, literature reviews, and theoretical analyses

Question 4

In essence, research is…

Answer 4

The process of exploring and expanding our understanding of the world by applying structured methodologies and critical thinking to generate new insights, validate existing knowledge,or address unsolved questions

Question 5

What are the three types of neuroscience research?

Answer 5

Clinical (neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, and neuropathology), Experimental, and Theoretical

Question 6

Experimental neuroscientists continue to lay…

Answer 6

The foundation for all medical treatments of the nervous system

Question 7

The scientific process (4):

Answer 7

Observation, Replication, Interpretation, and Verification

Question 8

Observations

Answer 8

typically made during experiments designed to test a particular hypothesis

Question 9

Replication

Answer 9

(Any observation, whether experimental or clinical, must be replicated.)

Repeating the experiment on different subjects or making similar observations in different patients as many times as necessary to rule out the possibility that the observation occurred by chance

Question 10

Interpretation

Answer 10

(Once the scientist believes the observation is correct, he or she interprets it.)

depend on the state if knowledge (or ignorance) at the time and on the scientist’s preconceived notions (or “mind set”).

Do not always withstand the test of time

Question 11

Verification

Answer 11

Final step of scientific process

Distinct from the replication the original observer performed

Means that the observation is sufficiently robust that any competent scientist who precisely follows the protocols of the original observer can reproduce it

Successful verification generally means the observation is accepted as fact

Question 12

Brain imaging refers to…

Answer 12

Various techniques used to create visual representations of the brain’s structure, function, and neural activity

Question 13

Types of structural imaging:

Answer 13

MRI, CT (Computed Tomography)

Question 14

Types of functional imaging:

Answer 14

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Question 15

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

Answer 15

Provides detailed images of the brain’s anatomy, helping to identify abnormalities or structural changes

Question 16

CT (Computed Tomography):

Answer 16

Offers cross-sectional images, useful for detecting structural issues like tumors or bleeding

Question 17

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

Answer 17

Measures blood flow changes in response to neural activity, allowing researchers to study brain function during different tasks or stimuli

Question 18

PET (Positron Emission Tomography):

Answer 18

Shows metabolic activity by detecting radioactive tracers, providing information about brain function

Question 19

Types of electrophysiological imaging:

Answer 19

EEG (Electroencephalography), MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

Question 20

EEG (Electroencephalography):

Answer 20

Records electrical activity on the scalp, useful for studying brain waves and diagnosing conditions like epilepsy

Question 21

MEG (Magnetoencephalography):

Answer 21

Measures magnetic fields generated by neural activity, offering insights into brain function with high temporal resolution

Question 22

Molecular Imaging:

Answer 22

Techniques like PET with radiolabeled tracers can be used to visualize specific molecules or receptors in the brain, aiding in the study of molecular mechanisms in diseases like Alzheimer’s

Question 23

In the late 19th century…

Answer 23

Early attempts at understanding brain function involved post-mortem examinations and anatomical studies

Question 24

Whose work in neuroanatomy laid the foundation for understanding the structure of the nervous system?

Answer 24

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 25

What was formulated by who (2) that was a pivotal development in our understanding of neurons?

Answer 25

Neuron doctrine; Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi

Question 26

Ramon y Cajal’s meticulous work using ____ allowed him to visualize individual neurons under the microscope.

Answer 26

Golgi’s staining technique

Question 27

What did Cajal argue?

Answer 27

That neurons were discrete units, separated by gaps (synapses), and that they communicated through these gaps

Question 28

What concept formed the basis of modern neuroscience?

Answer 28

Cajal’s argument that neurons were discrete units, separated by gaps (synapses), and that they communicated through these gaps

Question 29

Who received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for what?

Answer 29

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934); His research on the nervous system

Question 30

The brain includes…

Answer 30

different cell types, and subclasses of the different cells

Question 31

Neurons are…, communicating with each other via…

Answer 31

the main signaling units; synapses

Question 32

What are the two main subclasses of neurons?

Answer 32

Interneurons, Projection neurons

Question 33

What are interneurons?

Answer 33

Local interconnections between neurons

Question 34

What are the non-neuronal cells (3)?

Answer 34

Endothelial cells, Ependymal cells, and Glial cells

Question 35

Endothelial cells line…

Answer 35

Blood vessels

Question 36

Ependymal cells line…

Answer 36

Ventricular walls

Question 37

Glial cells are (3)…

Answer 37

Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Astrocytes

Question 38

Oligodendrocytes (function)…

Answer 38

Insulate neuronal axons for faster signal transmission

Question 39

Microglia are…

Answer 39

the brain microphage with a hematopoietic origin

Question 40

Astrocytes are involved in…

Answer 40

Numerous functions such as blood brain barrier, homeostasis, neuronal growth and neurotransmitter recycling

Question 41

(Diagram) Different types of neurobiological cell classes: Subpopulations: Subcellular locations:

Answer 41

Ependymal cells, Endothelial cells Astrocytes, Microglia, Neuron, Oligodendrocytes Axon, Dendrite, Synapse, and Glia endfeet

Question 42

When was Electroencephalography developed?

Answer 42

Early to Mid-20th Century

Question 43

Who developed EEG when?

Answer 43

German psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873-1941); in the 1920s

Question 44

What did EEG allow? What did EEG provide?

Answer 44

The recording of electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp Provided insights into brain waves and conditions like epilepsy

Question 45

When was pneumoencepahlography developed?

Answer 45

1940s-1950s

Question 46

Who invented pneumoencephalography when? How was it done?

Answer 46

In 1918, American neurosurgeon Walter Dandy (1886-1946) Injection of air into the cerebral ventricles as an aid to clinical diagnostics

Question 47

What did pneumoencephalography involve? What was an early attempt at?

Answer 47

Involved injecting air into the cerebrospinal fluid and taking X-rays to visualize the brain’s ventricles Early attempt at structural brain imaging

Question 48

When was Computed Tomography (CT) developed and by who (2)? When and for what did they receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?

Answer 48

1970s; Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack 1979; awarded jointly to Cormack and Hounsfield “for the development of computer assisted tomography”

Question 49

What is Computed Tomography (CT scanning)? What did it revolutionize?

Answer 49

A non-invasive technique providing cross-sectional images of the brain Revolutionized the diagnosis of brain disorders

Question 50

How are different cross sections created through advanced computer calculations?

Answer 50

If X-rays are sent through the body from different angles and registered when they have passed through the body

Question 51

What did Hounsfield develop?

Answer 51

An apparatus in which clusters of X-ray beams sent through the body from different angles are registered when they have passed the body

Question 52

What did Cormack develop?

Answer 52

The necessary methods of calculation

Question 53

Computed tomography provides (2)…

Answer 53

Cross sections of the body, A basis for three-dimensional images

Question 54

When was Magnetic Resonance imaging developed and by who (2)? When did they get the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and for what?

Answer 54

1980s; Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield 2003; “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”

Question 55

What does MRI offer? What did it become a key tool for?

Answer 55

MRI offers high-resolution images without the use of ionizing radiation Became a key tool for structural imaging

Question 56

Protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus behave like… Accordingly, atoms and molecules…

Answer 56

small spinning magnets Accordingly, atoms and molecules assume a certain orientation in a magnetic field

Question 57

How can a certain orientation of atoms and molecules in a magnetic field be dislodged?

Answer 57

By radio waves of certain frequencies that are characteristic for different atoms

Question 58

By introducing variations in the magnetic field during the 1970s, Lauterbur and Mansfield contributed to…

Answer 58

Use of the phenomenon to create images of the human body’s interior

Question 59

What (2) provides a basis for magnetic resonance imaging?

Answer 59

The incidence of hydrogen atom is measured, Differences in the water content of different tissues

Question 60

1990s: Functional MRI (fMRI) Researchers started using fMRI to… This allowed…

Answer 60

Measure blood flow changes associated with neural activity Allowed for the study of brain function during various tasks

Question 61

Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Developed in the 1950s but gained prominence in the late 20th century PET imaging involves… The resulting _____ _____ provide information about…

Answer 61

PET imaging involves injecting a radioactive tracer, which emits positrons Gamma rays; metabolic activity in the brain

Question 62

21st century: Advancements in Functional Imaging:

Answer 62

Continued improvements in fMRI techniques, including connectivity studies and real-time imaging

Question 63

21st century: Molecular imaging:

Answer 63

Development of techniques for visualizing specific molecules and receptors in the brain, aiding in the study of molecular processes in health and disease

Question 64

Mammalian brains:

Answer 64

Despite differences in complexity, the brains of all these species have many features in common (Rat, Rabbit, Cat, Sheep, Chimpanzee, Human, Dolphin)