Quiz 1 Lecture

Question 1

Define enthesis.

Answer 1

A clear progression from tendon to fibrocartilage to mineralized fibrocartilage to bone at the attachment of muscle to bone.

Question 2

What protects tendons as they lie close to bones?

Answer 2

Sesamoid bone, fibrocartilage, synovial bursa, or tendon/synovial sheath

Question 3

What are the different types of bones?

Answer 3

Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, and flat bones

Question 4

Give an example of a short bone.

Answer 4

Carpal bones

Question 5

Give an example of an irregular bone.

Answer 5

Vertebral bones

Question 6

Give an example of a flat bone.

Answer 6

Cranial bones

Question 7

What is a pneumatic bone?

Answer 7

Bones filled with air, makes them lightweight.

Question 8

What is a visceral bone?

Answer 8

Bones found in organs to add support.

Question 9

What is the nutrient foramen?

Answer 9

The area of bone that the main artery enters the bone, oblique to the long axis of the bone.

Question 10

What other arteries supply the bone?

Answer 10

Epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries.

Question 11

What is particular about the blood supply to long bones?

Answer 11

Supply starts towards the center of the bone and collects at the peripheries.

Question 12

Are the lymph vessels and nerves in the bone?

Answer 12

No lymphatic vessels but they do have nerves that accompany the larger blood vessels.

Question 13

What comprise the exoskeleton in mammals?

Answer 13

Hooves, horns, and toenails.

Question 14

Which sesamoid bone is located between the lateral carpal bones?

Answer 14

The sesamoid bone of the abductor digiti I longus.

Question 15

At what age does the proximal epiphysis of the humerous ossifyin dogs and cats?

Answer 15

Dogs: 10-15 months
Cats: 18-24 months

Question 16

At what age do the distal epiphyses of the radius and ulna ossify in dogs and cats?

Answer 16

Dogs: 6-12 months
Cats: 14-25 months

Question 17

What structures pass through the obturator forament?

Answer 17

The obturator nerve and blood vessels

Question 18

How is the feline scapula different from the dog scapula?

Answer 18

The spine of the scapula is more developed in felines, it has a tuberosity of the spine and a second process on the acromion. These processes are instead named the hamate process (cranial) and the supra-hamate process (caudal).

Question 19

How is the feline humerus different from the dog humerus?

Answer 19

The cat humerus has a supracondylar foramen instead of a supratrochlear foramen where the crachial artery and median nerve pass in the cat (but nothing passes in the canine foramen)

Question 20

Describe a fibrous joint.

Answer 20

Connects bones via fibrous connective tissue in a short, transitory, and direct manner. Slight or no movement.

Question 21

What are the types of fibrous joints?

Answer 21

Syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis

Question 22

Describe a syndesmosis and give examples.

Answer 22

Fibrous joint with a lot of connective tissue. Eg. tibio-fibular articulation, temporo-hyoid articulation.

Question 23

What are the three types of suture joints? Describe them.

Answer 23

Serrated sutures are alternating processes and depressions on articular edges.

Squamous sutures are overlapping of reciprocally beveled edges.

Plane sutures are bones meeting at a right angle

Question 24

What is a gomphosis?

Answer 24

Specialised articulation of the teeth, also called the periodontal membrane.

Question 25

At what age do the illiac crest and pelvic symphesis ossify in dogs?

Answer 25

15 months - 5 years

Question 26

At what age does the ischial tuber and caudal border of the ischium ossify in dogs?

Answer 26

8-14 months

Question 27

At what age does the lesser trochanter ossify in dogs?

Answer 27

8-13 months

Question 28

At what age does the distal epiphysis of the femur ossify in dogs and cats?

Answer 28

Dogs: 6-12 months Cats: 13-19 months

Question 29

At what age does the proximal epiphysis of the tibia ossify in dogs and cats?

Answer 29

Dogs: 6-15 months Cats: 12-18 months

Question 30

At what age do the proximal and distal epihyses ossify in dogs and cats?

Answer 30

Dogs: 5-13 months Cats: 10-18 months

Question 31

At what age does the calcanean tuber ossify in dogs and cats?

Answer 31

Dogs: 3-8 months Cats: 7-13 months

Question 32

Describe a cartilaginous joint.

Answer 32

Made of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage or a combination of both. Permits some compression and stretching

Question 33

What are the two types of cartilagenous joints?

Answer 33

Hyaline cartilage joint and fibrocartilage joint.

Question 34

Give an example of a hyaline cartilage joint.

Answer 34

Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 35

Give an example of a fibrocartilaginous joint.

Answer 35

Pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis

Question 36

Describe a synovial joint.

Answer 36

Has a joint cavity, capsule, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage. Permits the greatest degree of movements.

Question 37

Describe a flat joint.

Answer 37

Flat surfaces, allows slight gliding movements.

Question 38

Describe a ball and socket joint.

Answer 38

Convex head fits into a cotyloid cavity. Allows multiaxial movements.

Question 39

Describe an ellipsoidal joint.

Answer 39

Convex and concave surfaces fit into each other but are wider and form an eclipse shape. Allows biaxial movements, limited multiaxial.

Question 40

Describe a hinge joint.

Answer 40

Monoaxial, mainly allows flexion and extension.

Question 41

Describe a condylar joint.

Answer 41

Articular surface includes condyles that fit into reciprocal depressions of adjacent bone.

Question 42

Describe a pivot joint.

Answer 42

Movement of the joint is around the longitudinal axis.

Question 43

Describe a saddle joint.

Answer 43

Apposing surfaces are convex in one direction and concave in the other. Allows flexion and extension.

Question 44

Define synsarcosis.

Answer 44

A joint made of muscle attachments alone.

Question 45

How can the shoulder joint be classified?

Answer 45

Simple synovial, ball and socket joint.

Question 46

What is particular about the shoulder joint?

Answer 46

In the interterbecular groove, the tendon of the biceps brachii lies and is held in place by the transverse humeral retinaculum and is protected by the bicipital bursa, an extension of the joint capsule.

Question 47

What tendons are associated with the shoulder joint?

Answer 47

The transverse humeral ligament and the lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments.

Question 48

What are the actions of the shoulder joint?

Answer 48

Flexion and extension

Question 49

Which muscles act as active ligaments of the shoulder joint?

Answer 49

Subscapularis, supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor and teres major muscles

Question 50

Define varus.

Answer 50

The outward (lateral) dislocation of the limbs due to joint weakness.

Question 51

Define valgus.

Answer 51

The inward (medial) dislocation of the limbs due to joint weakness.

Question 52

How can the elbow joint be classfied?

Answer 52

Compound synovial, hinge joint.

Question 53

What are the ligaments associated with the elbow joint?

Answer 53

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments, oblique ligament, annular ligament, and olecranon ligament.

Question 54

Which ligament of the elbow is elastic in nature?

Answer 54

The olecranon ligament.

Question 55

How would you describe the carpal joint?

Answer 55

Compound synovial, hinge joint.

Question 56

What are the joints of the carpal joint?

Answer 56

Antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint, carpometacarpal joint

Question 57

Which carpal joint shares synovial fluid with another?

Answer 57

The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint

Question 58

What ligaments are associated with the carpal joints?

Answer 58

collateral ligaments, flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

Question 59

Which carpal joint opens the widest?

Answer 59

The antebrachiocarpal joint

Question 60

What other structures are associated with the carpal joints?

Answer 60

The palmar carpal fibrocartilage, the flexor retinaculum (forms the carpal canal)

Question 61

Where is the flexor tubercle and which muscle has a tendon that inserts on it?

Answer 61

The flexor tubercle is on the palmar surface of the distal phalanx and the tendon of the deep digital flexor inserts there.

Question 62

Which muscle is associated with the accessory bone of the carpus?

Answer 62

Flexor carpi ulnaris