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Biochemistry/Physiology > Quiz 1 - Water, Acid/Base, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Peptides, Proteins > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Water, Acid/Base, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Peptides, Proteins Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Transferred electrons, can be strongest bonding

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2
Q

Covalent

A

Shared electrons, medium strength

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3
Q

Metallic

A

Electron cloud, least strong

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4
Q

Ion-dipole interaction

A

Dipole attracted to ion

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5
Q

H-bond

A

H covalently bonded to O, F or N interacts with other O, F or N

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6
Q

Dipole-dipole interaction

A

Dipoles interact with one another

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7
Q

Ion-induced dipole

A

Electronegativity of an ion generates a dipole in an otherwise inert molecule

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8
Q

Dipole-induced dipole

A

Electronegativity of a dipole generates a dipole in an otherwise inert molecule

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9
Q

Dispersion/van der Waals forces

A

Random movement of electrons produces a transient dipole

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10
Q

Water structure

A

H2O, 104.5 degree angle between H, dipole. Water has high specific heat because of H bonds

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11
Q

Ice

A

H2O forms ordered crystal lattice due to uniform angles and H bonds. Ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats

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12
Q

Amphipathic Molecules

A

Molecules that contain both a nonpolar and polar region

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13
Q

Water as a solvent

A

Water will spontaneously dissolve other molecules because of nonrandom arrangement involving dipole interactions

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14
Q

Lipids in water

A

Will form miceles or bilayers

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15
Q

Solutes in water

A

Effect colligative properties, raise BP, lower FP

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16
Q

Cell in Isotonic solution

A

Solute concentrations equal in intracellular and extracellular environment

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17
Q

Cell in Hypertonic solution

A

Solute in cell less concentrated than outside of cell, water leaves cell

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18
Q

Cell in Hypotonic solution

A

Solute in cell more concentrated than outside of cell, water enters cell

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19
Q

Proton hopping

A

Protons will hop around among water molecules

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20
Q

Keq

A

Equilibrium constant. = [Products]/[Reactants]

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21
Q

Kw

A

Water Keq. = 1X10^-14

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22
Q

pH scale

A

-log{H+]

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23
Q

pKa

A

Equilibrium constant of an acid

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24
Q

pH of an acid solution

A

pH = pKa + log [HA]/[A]

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25
Buffer solutions
Weak acids will donate or accept electrons to maintain a consistent pH. Ex.) Bicarbonate H2CO3 HCO-
26
Respiratory Acidosis
CO2 retention from hypoventilation, decreases plasma pH
27
Respiratory Alkalosis
CO2 excretion from hyperventilation, increases plasma pH
28
Metabolic Acidosis
Increase of acidic molecules or decrease of basic molecules in plasma, decreases plasma pH
29
Metabolic Alkalosis
Decrease of acidic molecules or increase of basic molecules in plasma, increases plasma pH
30
Fatty Acid/Lipid functions
Store energy, form membranes, carry info/signals, additional services (vitamins, enzyme cofactors, colorants)
31
Fatty Acid
Carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain
32
Saturated
No double bonds
33
Unsaturated
One double bond. Cis configuration most common in bio systems
34
Polyunsaturated
Multiple double bonds
35
Fatty acid nomenclature
#C:#Unsats. Omega nomenclature numbers from end of HC chain to first unsat.
36
Fatty Acid Properties
More Carbons = Higher melting point, More unsats = Lower melting point
37
Lipid
One or more fatty acid connected to a linker molecule
38
Triglycerides
Storage lipids, 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
39
Phospholipids
One or two fatty acids attached to a glycerol or sphingosine with a Phosphate group attached, form membranes
40
Glycolipids
One or two fatty acids attached to a glycerol or sphingosine with a sugar group attached, function as anchors for proteins to membranes and as cell ID
41
Sphingolipids
Membrane lipids, one sphingosine, one fatty acid, involved in direct signaling activity
42
Sterols
Like Cholesterol. Major membrane components that increase membrane rigidity, necessary for endocytosis. Can be used as cell signals/hormones
43
Lipids and inflammation
Lipids drive and resolve inflammation. Aspirin and Tylenol are COX 1 & 2 inhibitors that prevent formation of proinflammatory signals from lipids. Fatty acid signals may help in preventing/curing periodontal inflammatory disease
44
Nucleotide
Pentose ring, purine or pyramidine base, 1-3 phosphates
45
Nucleoside
Same as nucleotide but with no phosphates
46
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds
47
Functions of nucleotides
1. Information Transfer: DNA, RNA 2. Energy Transfer: ATP, GTP, NADH 3. Signal Transduction: cAMP, cGMP
48
Purines
Adenine and Guanine, dual cyclic
49
Pyramidines
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, one ring
50
DNA
Deoxyribonucleotide polymer, one OH on pentose ring, 2 stranded, contains thymine, only in nucleus
51
RNA
Ribonucleotide polymer, 2 OH on pentose ring, can be one stranded, contains uracil, found throughout cell, more reactive than DNA
52
Primary structure
Strand of nucleotides linked by phospho-diester bonds
53
Secondary structure
Pair of antiparalell strands
54
Tertiary structure
Double helix
55
Quaternary structure
Helix wrapped around histones to form chromosomes
56
Palindrome
Flipped mirror sequence
57
Mirror Repeat
Mirrored sequence on same strand
58
Double Helix Forms
A form, B form, Z form. A form each twist is 36 Angstroms
59
mRNA
DNA transcript that codes for protein production
60
tRNA
RNA molecule that tethers amino acids for translation
61
rRNA
RNA that forms Ribosomes
62
Regulatory RNA
aRNA, shRNA, siRNA, regulates translation, transcription, signaling
63
Nonessential Amino Acids
Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Glutamate, Serine
64
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids
Arginine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Tyrosine
65
Essential Amino Acids
Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
66
Glucogenic Amino Acids
Used for gluconeogenesis. All but proline, leucine, and lysine
67
Ketogenic Amino Acids
Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine
68
Stereoisomerism
Chiral centers, L and D conformations. L is most common in nature, Glycine is the only non-chiral amino acid.
69
Disulfide Bonds
Formed between two cysteines
70
Uncommon amino acids
4-Hydroxyproline and 5 hydroxylysine, components of collagen
71
Modifications of amino acids
Phosphorylation, Methylation, acetylation, adenylylation. Modify protein structure
72
Amino acids in bad breath
Ornithine, Citrulline
73
Zwitterion form
Net charge of 0 but 2 ions. NH3+ and COO-. Intermediate form between to buffering zones
74
How do amino acids form polymers?
Peptide bonds, N terminal to C terminal, via condensation (removal of H2O)
75
Levels of protein structure
Primary - sequence of amino acids Secondary - helixes and B-sheets Tertiary - Folds of folds Quaternary - multiple subunits
76
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Single substitution of an amino acid in hemoglobin protein leads to malformed RBCs
77
Collagen Synthesis
Proteins synthesized > Procollagen strands > Tropocollagen > Collagen molecules > Fibril > Fiber
78
Where are plasma proteins produced?
Liver, except for immunoglobulins which are produced elsewhere
79
Denaturation
pH and high temperature cause Proteins to lose the H bonds, etc. that hold their structure

Biochemistry/Physiology (10 decks)

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