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Biochemistry/Physiology > Quiz 6 - Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Quiz 6 - Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cellular pathways that synthesize ATP by moving electrons from glucose to O2.
Gives off CO2, requires O2, has both anaerobic and aerobic processes

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2
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerobic ATP and electron carrier reduction.

NAD+ is electron acceptor, must be maintained

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3
Q

When/where is glycolyis alone the source of energy?

A

Erythrocytes (lack mitochondria)
Cancer cells
Anaerobic bacteria

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4
Q

Glycolysis preparatory phase

A

Glucose + Hexokinase + ATP > G6P + phosphohexose isomerase > F6P + Phosphofructokinase-1 > F16BP + Aldolase > G3P + DHaP

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5
Q

Triose phosphate isomerase

A

Converts Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate into Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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6
Q

Glycolysis Payoff phase

A

G3P + G3P dehydrogenase + NAD+ > (NADH) 13BPG + Phosphoglycerate Kinase + ADP > (ATP) 3 PG + Phosphoglycerate mutase > 2 PG + Enolase > PEP + pyruvate kinase + ADP > (ATP) Pyruvate

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7
Q

Net balance of glycolysis

A

2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH + H+

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8
Q

Other sources of Glycolysis molecules

A

Different sugars can be modified to become different steps of glycolysis

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9
Q

Diabetes mellitus types

A

Type 1 - lack of cells that produce insulin

Type 2 - cellular insensitivity to insulin

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10
Q

How do insulin and glucagon balance cell glucose levels?

A

Insulin leads to synthesis of glycolytic enzymes, brings glucose into cells
Glucagon increases enzymes that cause gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis
Interplay between these processes balances

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11
Q

Possible fates of pyruvate

A

Aerobic conditions - Conversion into Acetyl-CoA

Anaerobic conditions - conversion into lactate or ethanol via fermentation

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12
Q

Purpose of Fermentation

A

Regenerates NAD+ in anaerobic conditions to allow glycolysis to continue
Lactate is electron acceptor of NADH

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13
Q

Cori Cycle

A

Lactate from muscles enters bloodstream, goes to liver, where it is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Lack of NADPH leads to this pathway to create more NADPH and ribose sugars

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15
Q

Ribose sugars

A

Nucleotides, ATP, FAD, Coenzyme A

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16
Q

NADPH

A

Necessary for reductive biosynthesis and free radical protection.

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17
Q

Where do steps of respiration occur

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm

Pyruvate&raquo_space; Electron transport chain - Mitochondria

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18
Q

How do mitochondria affect apoptosis?

A

DNA damage, developmental signals, stress and reactive oxygen species lead to disruption of mitochondria membrane, releasing cytochromes and other contents that activate a chain of proteins. Activation of Caspase proteins lead to cell death.

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19
Q

Pyruvate conversion to Acetyl-CoA

A

Pyruvate + Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex + NAD+ > Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH

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20
Q

Citric Acid Cycle net production per turn

A

3 NADH
2 CO2
1 GTP (ATP)
1 FADH2

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21
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

OxA + Acetyl-CoA + Citrate Synthase > Citrate + aconitase > Isoscitrate + Isocitrate dehydrogenase > (CO2 + NADH) alpha ketoglutarate + akg dehydrogenase > (CO2 + NADH) Succinyl-CoA + Succinyl-CoA synthase > (GTP) Succinate + succinate dehydrogenase > (FADH2) Fumarate + fumarase > malate + malate dehydrogenase > (NADH) OxA

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22
Q

Synthetic pathway

A

Different substrates along the pathway can be pulled to create other products like amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, gluconeogenesis, neurotransmitters, hemes

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23
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Occurs in between inner mitochondrial membrane and the matrix. Electrons from glycolysis and citric acid cycle are moved through proteins to phosphorylate ADP (create ATP)

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24
Q

Regulation of Phosphofructokinase-1

A

Presence of ATP and/or Citrate inhibits PFK-1
Presence of ADP and/or AMP promotes PFK-1
Insulin promotes synthesis of PFK-1
Glucagon inhibits synthesis of PFK-1

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25
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
3 cooperative proteins that convert Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA. Utilizes an internal acyl lipolysine to transfer acetyl group from pyruvate to the CoA
26
Regulation of citric acid cycle
Allosteric regulation of enzymes. Regulated at most exergonic steps. Presence of ADP promotes, Presence of ATP inhibits Mass action regulates function - too much product slows, not enough speeds up
27
Ubiquinone
Coenzyme Q - carries both electrons and protons (QH2)
28
Cytochromes
Only accepts electrons
29
Iron-Sulfur proteins
Only accepts electrons, found within complexes
30
Regulation of Respiratory chain
Allosteric regulation. Too much ATP or NAD+ inhibits | Excess ADP promotes
31
Reactive Oxygen species formation
Buildup of ubiquinone can cause transfer of electrons onto O2, creating free radicals. Mitochondria not making ATP due to lack of O2 or ADP, or excess of NADH promotes formation of ROS
32
Pepsin
Active form of pepsinogen. A protease that hydrolyzes Phe, Trp, Tyr polypeptide bonds
33
Secreten
Stimulates release of bicarbonate from the pancreas
34
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase
Proteases that break down proteins
35
Three fates of dietary amino acids
1. Used for synthesis within cells 2. Catabolized for energy within cells 3. Transported to the liver and excreted
36
Deamination
Amino acids from ingested protein, alanine from muscle and glutamine from muscle and tissues enter cycle to become glutamate. NH4+ then removed to urea
37
Amine group carriers
Glutamate Aspartate Glutamine Alanine
38
Ammonia Toxicity
Ammonia disregulates K+. Is a diffusible gas that can cross the blood brain barrier, disrupts astrocyte K+ uptake and prevents GABA inhibition. This causes neuronal hyperactivity, seizures, oxidative stress, death
39
Transaminase reactions
Amino acid catabolism. Important for oxidation and uric acid cycle. Amine group transferred from amino acid to alpha-ketoglutarate to create glutamate
40
One-Carbon Transfers
Amino acid catabolism. Puts carbons back on to put molecules back into the citric acid cycle.
41
How is intracellular ammonia buffered?
By converting glutamate to glutamine. Done by glutamine transport or glucose-alanine cycle
42
Glutamine transport
Glutamate turned into glutamine, moved from body cells to liver, then converted back into glutamate. NH4+ excreted in urea
43
Glucose-Alanine Cycle
Like Cori cycle. Primarily used by muscle. Pyruvate is given the amino group, brought to liver as Alanine, then converted back into pyruvate. NH4+ excreted as urea
44
Urea Cycle
Prep phase: Glutamate, Glutamine, provide NH+ to Carbamoyl phosphate, Oxaloacetate takes NH+ to become Aspartate Cycle: Carbamoyl phosphate passes N to Ornithine to become citrulline. Aspartate adds another N to become arginosuccinate. Fumarate removed to become arginine, then urea removed to become ornithine.
45
Urea cycle regulated
Increased synthesis of enzymes | Allosteric carbonyl posphate synthetase 1 regulation
46
Aspartate-arginino-succinate shunt
Ties citric acid cycle and urea cycle at aspartate
47
Ketogenic amino acids
``` Leucine Lysine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Tyrosine Isoleucine Threonine ```
48
Glucogenic
``` Arginine Glutamine Histidine Proline Glutamate Isoleucine Methionine Threonine Valine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Alanine Cysteine Glycine Serine Tryptophan Asparagine Aspartate ```
49
CoFactors for one-carbon transfer reactions
``` Biotin Tetrahydrofolate adoMet - One-carbon group donors or recipients - Vitamins ```
50
Which 6 amino acids are degraded to pyruvate
``` Tryptophan Alanine Cysteine Serine Glycine Threonine - energy-rich AAs SGT CAT is a PYRat ```
51
Which 7 amino acids are degraded to Acetyl-CoA?
``` Tryptophan Lysine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Leucine Isoleucine Threonine TTT PILL All ketogenic ```
52
Which 5 amino acids are degraded to alpha-ketoglutarate?
``` Glutamate Glutamine Proline Arginine Histidine Go get Harry potters altoids ```
53
Which 4 amino acids are degraded to Succinyl-CoA?
``` Methionine Isoleucine Valine Threonine Sucks that mother is very talkative ```
54
Which 2 amino acids are degraded to Oxaloacetate?
Asparagine Aspartate Oxen or Asses
55
Which 9 amino acids are essential?
``` Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine PVT TIM HaLL ```
56
What are the 7 source molecules for amino acids?
``` 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate Ribose 5-phosphate Erythrose 6-phosphate Oxaloacetate Alpha-Ketoglutarate - All parts of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and citric acid cycle ```
57
Intron
Non-coding segments of genes, spliced from mRNA
58
Exon
Encodes for amino acid sequence
59
How much DNA codes for proteins?
1.5%
60
How many genes are in human DNA
about 25,000
61
Which strand is the mRNA created from
The template strand, 3' to 5'
62
RNA polymerase I
Synthesizes rRNA
63
RNA polymerase II
Synthesizes mRNA
64
RNA polymerase III
Synthesizes tRNA
65
Transcription of mRNA
DNA binds to DNA polymerase, separates DNA strands, RNA polymerization begins after CTD is phosphorylated. Once RNA complete, elongation factors and Phosphates removed
66
Negative Regulation
1. Molecular signal causes dissociation of repressor from DNA, inducing transcription 2. Molecular signal causes binding of repressor to DNA, inhibiting transcription
67
Positive Regulation
1. Molecular signal causes dissociation of activator from DNA, inhibiting transcription 2. Molecular signal causes binding of activator to DNA inducing transcription
68
RNA processing
5' Cap addition - stabilizes 5' end Splicing - Spliceosome proteins remove introns, keep exons Termination and tail - Polyadenylation factors add poly-A talk that stabilizes RNA for splicing and translation
69
Splicing variability
Exons can be rearranged, spliced different ways to create different products
70
Nuclear Export
Poly-A stabilizes RNA, export factors and proteins bind to poly-A, complex moves out to nuclear pore complex, out into cytosol
71
Codons
Triplets of nucleotides that specify amino acid in polypeptide chain AUG codes for Met, start codon Third base has variability ("Wobble") to resist mutation
72
Aminoacylation
Addition of amino acid to tRNA
73
Eukaryotic Ribosome
60S + 40S subunits = 80S ribosome
74
Initiation
ATP/GTP hydrolysis drives initiation, Ribosome subunits come together around 5' end of mRNA
75
Elongation
Growing chain attached to middle (P) site, incoming tRNA binds to A site, tRNA exits from E site. GTP hydrolysis dependent Reads mRNA 5' to 3', creates polypeptide N terminus to C terminus
76
Termination
End codon triggers eukaryotic releasing factor and GTP to release polypeptide from tRNA
77
Nuclear localization sequence
Sequence in protein that triggers Importin (alpha and beta subunit) to bind to protein and bring it into the nucleus though the nuclear pore complexes, allow nuclear effects
78
Signal Recognition Peptide
Recognizes signal sequence on developing protein, binds to ribosome, brings ribosome to ER membrane. Protein is extruded into ER lumen for future packaging and processing.
79
Degradation of proteins
Ubiquitin is post-translational modification. Polyubiquitination will be tag for further processing Proteosome will digest poly-ubiquitinated proteins in the cytoplasm Lysosome will digest proteins that reach the late endosome stage of the endocytic pathway

Biochemistry/Physiology (10 decks)

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