Rugae, plicae, and villi are features of the digestive that:
A. are the sources of all digestive hormones
B. are the sources of all zymogens
C. increase the surface area for absorption
D. contract to accomplish peristalsis
C. increase the surface area for absorption
Which of these organs adds bicarbonate ions to the gastrointestinal tract via a specialized duct?
A. liver
B. Esophagus
C. fundus
D. Stomach
A. liver
The surgical removal of the gall bladder has the potential to reduce the absorption of dietary ____________.
fats
The coordination of swallowing and breathing is coordinated by neural activity in the _________________.
medulla oblongata
Most glucose absorption in the GI tract occurs in the
duodenum via carrier mediated transport
The feeding and satiety centers are located in the
hypothalamus
During prolonged fasting:
A. skeletal muscle increases in mass
B. organic acid metabolites support gluconeogenesis
C. most of the available amino acids are used in protein synthesis
D. adipose tissue increases its secretion of leptin
B. organic acid metabolites support gluconeogenesis
This process is more likely in “fed” individuals than in a “fasted” individual:
A. glycogenesis
B. gluconeogenesis
C. lipolysis
D. muscle wasting
A. glycogenesis
Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The responses of the target cells to these two hormones are in opposite directions, implying that:
each of the two hormones activates a different second messenger
Which combination is most likely to cause vasoconstriction in the gastrointestinal tract?
A. acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors
B. epinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors
C. glucagon at glucagon receptors
D. insulin at insulin receptors
B. epinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors
Coristol is released when ___________, released from the ____________, binds with receptors in the ______________.
A. ACTH; hypothalamus; adrenal cortex
B. CRH; hypothalamus; adrenal medulla
C. ACTH; anterior pituitary; adrenal cortex
D. CRH; posterior pituitary; adrenal medulla
C. ACTH; anterior pituitary; adrenal cortex
Ingestion of non-absorbed solutes such as Olestra or Sorbitol would likely ____________ the amound of water absorved into the intestinal cells, thus causing _______.
(increase, decrease) ; (diarrhea, constipation, no change)?
decrease, diarrhea
The hormone known as _________ is associated with muscle wasting (catabolism), and is likely to be elevated as a result of entering a state of __________.
A. acetylcholine, glycogenesis
B. insulin; excessive eating
C. cortisol; starvation
D. cholecystokinin; catabolism
C. cortisol; starvation
Low levels of ______ secreted by adipose cells _______ over the long term.
A. ghrelin; decreases
B. leptin; increases
C. gastrin; decreases
D. insulin; increases
B. leptin; increase
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. G; amylase B. Chief; hydrochloric acid C. Parietal; hydrochloric acid D. Goblet; mucus
B. chief, hydrochloric acid
Decreased levels of bile salts, _______ would interfere with digestion of ____________.
A. Secreted by hepatocytes; fats
B. Manufactured by the gallbladder; fats
C. Released into the stomach; protein
D. Manufactured by the pancreas; protein
A. Secreted by hepatocytes; fats
Insulin secretion _______ and functions to prevent __________.
A. Is stimulated by sympathetic neurons; hyperglycemia
B. Is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons; hyperglycemia
C. Decreases in response to elevated amino acids; hypoglycemia
D. Is inhibited by GIP; hypoglycemia
B. Is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons; hyperglycemia
Of the following hormones, which acts as an enterogastrone? A. Cholecytokin B. Glucagon C. Cortisol D. Gastrin
A. Cholecytokin
Glucagon release, stimulated by ________ increases the rate of _____________.
A. Hyperglycemia; protein hydrolysis
B. Hypoglycemia; glycogenolysis
C. Hyperglycemia; glycolysis
D. Hypoglycemia; lipogenesis
B. Hypoglycemia; glycogenolysis
In the digestive syste, HCl is released by ______________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ___________.
A. Parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas
B. Parietal cells of the stomach, duodenum
C. The pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach
D. The liver, parietal cells of the stomach
A. Parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas
Even though insulin and glucagon are both peptide hormones that target liver cells, the response of the target cells to these two hormones is exactly opposite. This info implies that:
A. Each of the two hormones activates a different second messenger inside the cell
B. One hormone binds to a receptor of the cell membrane and the other to a nuclear receptor.
C. Both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus
D. One of the homrmones activates gene expression and the other inhibits its
A. Each of the two hormones activates a different second messenger inside the cell
During the gastric phase of digestion:
A. Gastric motility and secretion are increased
B. Alpha cells of the pancreas secret glucagon
C. Duodenal cells secrete GIP
D. Secretin is released by the hypothalamus
A. Gastric motility and secretion are increased
The lower esophageal sphrincter closes more tightly in response to a \_\_\_\_\_ of calcium ion movement into its smooth muscle cells A. Secretin-induced decrease B. Gastrin induced increase C. Cholecystokin-induced increase D. GIP-induced decrease
B. Gastrin induced increase
Appetite is increased when \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gastric stretch casues \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ levels of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. Increased, increased, gastrin B. Decreased, decreased, gastrin C. Decreased, increased, grehlin D. Increased, decreased, grehlin
C. Decreased, increased, grehlin
Glucose is absorbed into intestinal cells by _______ and exits those cells toward the blood by __________.
A. Primary active transport; secondary active transport
B. Endocytosis; facilitated diffusion
C. Facilitated diffusion; secondary active transport
D. Secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
D. Secondary active transport; facilitated diffusion
During the cephalic phase of digestion:
A. The anticipation of food activates the parasympathetic neurons
B. Secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells
C. The stomach responds to distention
D. Production of gastric juice slows down
A. The anticipation of food activates the parasympathetic neurons
Which GI tract hormone is Correctly paired with its stimulus? A. CCK – fatty foods B. Secretin – protein in the stomach C. GIP – sympathetic neurons D. Gastrin – glucose in the stomach
A. CCK – fatty foods
During the post-absorptive state:
A. The liver forms flycogen
B. B. adipocytes synthesize triglycerides
C. Skeletal muscles break down glycogen
D. Insulin levels are elevated
C. Skeletal muscles break down glycogen
__________ is an enzyme that digests ________ into ___________.
A. Lipase; DNA; fatty acids and monoglycerides
B. Pepsin; starch; monosaccharides
C. Aminopeptidase; peptides; amino acids
D. Cholecystokinin; peptides; free nucleotides
C. Aminopeptidase; peptides; amino acids
__________, released from the digestive actions of lipase, are absorbed into intestinal cells by _______.
A. Amino acids; secondary active transport
B. Fatty acids; simple diffusion
C. Small proteins; endocytosis
D. Simple sugars; secondary active transport
B. Fatty acids; simple diffusion
Secretin
source, stimulus, target & effect
Source:
-duodenum
Stimulus:
-increase [H+] in chime
Target & Effect:
- gastric smooth muscle; dec. contraction
- parietal cells; dec. secretion
- chief cells; dec. secretion
- sphincter of Oddi; dec. contraction
- pancreatic juice; inc. secretion
Gastrin
source, stimulus, target & effect
Source:
-antrum of stomach
Stimulus:
- increased [H+] in chime
- increased [amino acids, proteins] in chyme
Target and Effect:
- lower esophageal sphincter, +contraction
- gastric smooth muscle, +contraction
- ileum smooth muscle; +contraction
- parietal cells; +secretion
- chief cells; +sectretion
- ileocecal sphincter; -sectretion
GIP
source, stimulus, target & effect
Source:
-duodenum
Stimulus:
-increased [carbohydates] in chyme
Target and Effect:
- gastric smooth muscle, -contraction
- pancreatic beta cells, +secretion
- parietal cells; -sectretion
- chief cells; -secretion
CCK
source, stimulus, target & effect
Source:
-jejunum
Stimulus:
-increased [carbohydrates] in chime
Target and Effect:
- gall bladder; +contraction
- gastric smooth muscle; +contraction
- parietal cells; -sectretion
- chief cells; -secretion
- sphincter of oddi; -contraction
- pancreatic juice; +secretion