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1
Q

5 theories of development

A

• Psychoanalytic theories
• Cognitive theories
• Behavioral and Social Cognitive theories
• Ethological theories
• Ecological theories

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2
Q

3 natures of development

A

• biological
• cognitive
• socioemotional

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3
Q

Produce change in an individual’s physical nature

A

Biological process

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4
Q

Refers to the changes in the individual’s thought, intellegence, and language

A

Cognitive process

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5
Q

Involve changes in individuals relationship with other people changes in emotion and changes in personality

A

Socioemotional process

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6
Q

Explores links between development, cognitive process, and brain

A

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

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7
Q

Examines connections between socioemotional process, development, and brain

A

Developmental social neuroscience

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8
Q

Refers to the time frame in a person’s life

A

Developmental period

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9
Q

9 period sequence

A
  1. Prenatal stage
  2. Infancy
  3. Toddler
  4. Early childhood
  5. Middle and late childhood
  6. Adolescence
  7. Early adulthood
  8. Middle adulthood
  9. Late adulthood
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10
Q

Begins during the 60s or 70s and last until death

A

Late adulthood

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11
Q

Approximately 40 to 60 years of age

A

Middle adulthood

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12
Q

Begins in early 20s and last through 30s

A

Early adulthood

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13
Q

Transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to us

A

Emerging adulthood

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14
Q

Developmental period from about to 6 to 10 or 11 years of age

A

Middle and late childhood

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15
Q

Development period from 3 to 5 years of age

A

Early childhood

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16
Q

Often use to describe a child from about 1 ½ to 3 years of age

A

Toddler

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17
Q

Developmenta period from birth to 18 or 24 months

A

Infancy

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18
Q

The time from conception to birth

A

Prenatal period

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19
Q

Birth to 1 ½ years, infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth

A

Oral stage

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20
Q

1 ½ to 3 yrs. Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus

A

Anal stage

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21
Q

3 to 6 yrs, child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

A

Phallic Stage

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22
Q

6 yrs to puberty. Child’s represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

A

Latency Stage

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23
Q

Puberty onward, a time of sexual reawakening source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

A

Genital stage

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24
Q

Recognized Freud’s contribution but believed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development

A

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

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25
• the primary motivation of human behavior is sexual nature • The basic personality is shaped during the first 5 yrs of life • Viewed early experience as being far more important than later experience
Sigmund Freud
26
• It is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people • developmental changes occur throughout the life span • emphasize the importance of both early and later experience
Erik Erikson
27
8 stages of development
1. Trust vs Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs Guilt 4. Industry vs Inferiority 5. Identity vs Identity Confusion 6. Intimacy vs Isolation 7.Generativity vs Stagnation 8. Integrity vs Despair
28
Experience the 1st period of life, development of trust during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live
Trust vs Mistrust
29
Occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 - 3 yrs old) after gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own - realized of own will - start to assert sense of independence or autonomy
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
30
- Occurs during preschool year - Feeling of guilt may arise, though if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious
Initiative vs Guilt
31
- Occurs approximately during elementary school year - need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
Industry vs Inferiority
32
- occurs during adolescence - individuals need to find out who they are going in life
Identity vs Indentity Confusion
33
- experience during early adulthood - stage where individual face the developmental task of forming inmate relationship
Intimacy vs Isolation
34
- Occurs during middle adulthood - concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives
Generativity vs Stagnation
35
Final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood - person reflects on the past
Integrity vs Despair
36
describe  development as primarily unconscious  (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by  emotion. Psychoanalytic theorists also stress  that early experiences with parents  extensively shape development.  
Psychoanalytic theories
37
he became convinced that their  problems were the result of experiences  early in life. He thought that as children  grow up, their focus of pleasure and sexual  impulses shifts from the mouth to the anus  and eventually to the genitals.
Freud’s Theory
38
Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the  importance of the unconscious, cognitive  theories accentuate conscious thoughts. 
Cognitive Theories
39
This theory states that children go through  four stages of cognitive development as they  actively construct their understanding of the  world. 
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
40
Two processes underlie this cognitive  construction of the world
organization and  adaption.  
41
Four (4) Stages of Cognitive  Development
• Sensorimotor Stage • Preoperational Stage • Concrete Operational Stage • Format Operational Stage
42
Last from birth to 2 years of age - First Piaget stage. - Infants construct an understanding  of the world by coordinating sensory  experiences (such as seeing and  hearing) with physical, motoric  actions – hence the term  sensorimotor.
Sensorimotor Stage
43
Last from approximately 2 to 7 years  of age. - Piaget’s second stage.   - Children begin to go beyond  connecting sensory information with  physical action and represent the  world with words, images, and  drawings.  
Preoperational Stage
44
Last from 7 to 11 years of age. - Third Piaget’s stage. - Children can perform operations that  involve objects, and they can reason  logically when the reasoning can be  applied to specific or concrete  examples.  
Concrete Operational Stage
45
Appears between ages of 11 and 15  and continuous through adulthood. - Individuals move beyond concrete  and begin to think in abstract and  more logical terms.  
Format Operational Stage
46
a Russian developmentalist  argued that children actively construct their  knowledge
Lev Vygotsky
47
- Sociocultural cognitive theory  emphasizes how culture and social  interaction guide cognitive  development. - Cognitive development involves  learning to use the intentions of the  society, such as language,  mathematical system, and memory  strategies.   - According to Vygotsky, children’s  social interaction with more skilled  adults and peers is indispensable to  their cognitive development.  Through this interaction, they learn  to use the tools that will help them  adapt and be successful in their  culture.  
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive  Theory
48
- Emphasizes that individuals  manipulate information, monitor it,  and strategize about it.   - Does not describe development as  stage-like. Individuals develop a  gradually increasing capacity for  processing information, which allows  them to acquire increasingly complex  knowledge and skills.  
The Information – Processing Theory
49
We can study scientifically only what  can be directly observed and measured.  Out of the behavioral tradition grew the  belief that development is observable  behavior that can be learned through  experience with the environment
Behavioral and Social Cognitive  Theories
50
A behavior followed by a rewarding  stimulus is less likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing  stimulus is less likely to recur.
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
51
Holds that behavior, environment,  and cognition are the key factors in  development. - Albert Bandura leading architect of  social cognitive theory. Emphasizes  that cognitive processes have  important links with the  environment and behavior. - Observation learning (also called  imitation or modeling), which is  learning that occurs through  observing what others do.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
52
 Theory Ethology stresses that behavior is strongly  influenced by biology, is tied to evolution,  and is characterized by critical or sensitive  periods.
Ethological Theory
53
holds that   development reflects   the influence of   several   environmental   systems. 
Ecological Theory
54
five environmental  systems:
microsystem, mesosystem,   exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
55
Is the setting in which the individual  lives. - Includes people in your immediate  circle. - Has a bidirectional influence.
Microsystem
56
Involves relations between  microsystems or connections  between context
 Mesosystem  
57
Consists of links between a social   setting in which the individual does   not have an active role and the   individual’s immediate context.
Exosystem
58
Involves the culture in which   individuals live
Macrosystem
59
Consists of the patterning of   environmental events, transitions   over the life course, and  sociohistorical circumstances.  
Chronosystem
60
5 stages of psychosexual development
1. Oral stage 2. Anal stage 3. Phallic stage 4. Genital stage 5. Latency stage
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DEV PSYCH (4 decks)

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